Sex as a Means of Agency Essay - 1213 Words

Sex as a Means of Agency â€Å"A woman’s harder to conquer than any beast, than fire, and no panther is quite so ferocious.† (Aristophanes 1058) Life for an Athenian woman was marked by her daily occupation to the household and its occupants. This was the sphere of life where she was able to exert the most power and maintain a certain degree of agency. Her domestic duties included attendance to her husband, and his sexual needs. In the comic portrayal of women in Lysistrata, Aristophanes exploits this domestic power to create a scenario where â€Å"the harsh and intractable realities of life, politics and international aggression are transformed so that wives manage to overcome husbands, love conquers war, insignificant citizens manage to†¦show more content†¦As men created more restrictive roles for women, they came to view them as inherently deviant, and â€Å"consequently came to believe that women needed watching; women were therefore thought naturally to lack self-control and loyalty† (Henderson 23). This view of women as sex-obsessed permeates Aristophanes’ comedies, and is sometimes used as a humorous element that counteracts women’s ambitions for loftier endeavors. The female ambition to overcome their lack of agency is illustrated in Lysistrata, as the women monopolize the men by rallying their collective domestic power, in this case, in the form of â€Å"conjugal strike.† The basis for this plot stems from the pragmatic notion that â€Å"even under the strictest patriarchies resourceful women can wield considerable power within their own families and exert influence on their husbands even on public matters†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Henderson 27). The concept that women are each the ruler of an individual â€Å"polis† is illustrated as Lysistrata argues with the Magistrate. She explains that the wives will manage the money, to which he replies with skepticism: MAGISTRATE: You’ll manage the money? LYSISTRATA: What’s so strange in that? Don’t we manage the household finances for you already? (494-496) Lysistrata attempts to convince the men that the women can run the polis, exemplified by their successful management of the household. However, it is not until they use the power ofShow MoreRelatedThe State Law Enforcement Agency1055 Words   |  5 Pages The state law enforcement agency that obtained the offender’s information is responsible for entering the data into the appropriate record system and notifies the appropriate law enforcement agency that resides over the jurisdiction of the offender. All of the data collected from the offender will also be transferred to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Every year on the date of the person’s initial registration the state law enforcement agency will mail them a nonforwardable verification formRead MoreGaining Agency Through Sex : A Critical Analysis Of Wide Sargasso Sea1152 Words   |  5 PagesGaining Agency Through Sex: A Critical Analysis of Wide Sargasso Sea Almost none of the characters introduced in â€Å"Wide Sargasso Sea† by Jean Rhys have control of their lives. In fact, control, or lack thereof, is a major dilemma seen from the two perspectives in the novel. To obtain control of their choices and actions, or gain agency, some of the characters use sex, though this doesn’t work out in everyone’s favor. The only characters who can use sex to gain agency are Rochester, the protagonist’sRead MoreGay Adoption And The United States1412 Words   |  6 Pageskind of impact do gay couples have on adoption agencies in the United States? â€Å"An estimated 65,500 adopted children are living with a lesbian or gay† parent (Lifelong Adoptions)​.†Ã¢â‚¬â€¹There are 1 million lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender parents raising about 2 million children in the U.S† (Why Gay Parents Are Good Parents). ​Even though people believe gay adoption will cause children to act different Gay adopt ion positively affects adoption agencies because most kids end up with gay couples, GayRead MoreCaribbean Pleasure Industry And Big Pharma, Women And The Labour Of Love Essay1723 Words   |  7 Pagesusing the perceptions studied and taught by Weeks, we can break down the compositions in place and assign individual aspects within forms of power and social constructions of sexuality. Through this method, we can also determine who, if anyone, has agency within their situations, or if their free will is influenced or directed by outside forces. What I found to be particularly interesting in terms of Weeks’ composition of sexuality, is how family systems and kinships seem to be the foundation of whichRead MoreGay Adoption And The United States1412 Words   |  6 Pageskind of impact do gay couples have on adoption agencies in the United States? â€Å"An estimated 65,500 adopted children are living with a lesbian or gay† parent (Lifelong Adoptions)​.†Ã¢â‚¬â€¹There are 1 million lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender parents raising about 2 million children in the U.S† (Why Gay Parents Are Good Parents). ​Even though people believe gay adoption will cause children to act different Gay adoption positively affects adoption agencies because most kids end up with gay couples, GayRead MoreIs Sexuality Shaped By Other Social Factors?1628 Words   |  7 Pagesalso a dehumanising fetishisation of people with disabilities that exists within certain groups. While rights for people with disabilit ies have come a long way, with perceptual shifts surrounding their daily lives, ultimately the notion of sexual agency amongst people with disabilities is often erased or portrayed in a false or misleading manner. Able-bodied individuals are not likely to think about how their body occupies public space in the same way that people with disabilities are, nor do theyRead MorePolicy Against Human Trafficking and Slavery1383 Words   |  6 Pagesyears the definition has broadened to cover anyone recruited, transported, transferred, harbored, and compelled to work in prostitution, domestic service, agriculture, construction work or factory sweat shops, by means of coercion, force, abduction, fraud or deception. Any commercial sex act performed by a person under age 18 is considered human trafficking, regardless of whether force, fraud, or coercion is involved. (Karmen, 2012) Characteristics are fraudulent recruitment, exorbitant travelRead MoreSpeech On Human Trafficking911 Words   |  4 Pagesprostitution or other types of exploitation. Trafficking is very gruesome and it’s a problem that many countries are facing. The elements of Human Trafficking are (1) The Act, (2) The Means, (3) The Purpose. The Act involves â€Å"What is done†, such as: recruitment, transfer, harboring and or transportation. The Means involves â€Å"How it is Done†, such as: abduction fraud, coercion, threating with force, abuse of power or vulnerability. The Purpose involves â€Å"Why it is done† such as: exploiting the prostitutionRead MoreHuman Trafficking : A Modern Day Form Of Slavery1232 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen trafficked for many reasons, one of which is sex. As victims of sex trafficking suffers with emotional, physical, sexual and psychological abuse and manipulation, they are often afraid to report their traffickers or pimps to law enforcement. This is because of the lack of trust and fear of prosecution. Despite numerous laws that have been put in place to help victims of human trafficking reintegrate into the society, law enforcement agencies continue to treat human trafficking vic tims as criminalsRead MoreJames Joyce s The Odyssey And Ulysses1622 Words   |  7 Pagesthe missing element is romanticism and in this essay, the absence of mythical authority. The use of myth romanticizes Odysseus’ journey home while, the crude description sex confronts the reader with the primal realism of life. The lack of godly intervention deflects the blame onto Leopold Bloom for the distance in his marriage. Sex simultaneously represents the distancing factor in his marriage and the process of return to marital intimacy. The â€Å"Naussica† episode exemplifies this and it will be the

Second Foundation 3. Two Men and a Peasant Free Essays

string(21) " out of his cottage\." Rossem is one of those marginal worlds usually neglected in Galactic history and scarcely ever obtruding itself upon the notice of men of the myriad happier planets. In the latter days of the Galactic Empire, a few political prisoners had inhabited its wastes, while an observatory and a small Naval garrison served to keep it from complete desertion. Later, in the evil days of strife, even before the time of Hari Seldon, the weaker sort of men, tired of the periodic decades of insecurity and danger; weary of sacked planets and a ghostly succession of ephemeral emperors making their way to the Purple for a few wicked, fruitless years – these men fled the populated centers and sought shelter in the barren nooks of the Galaxy. We will write a custom essay sample on Second Foundation 3. Two Men and a Peasant or any similar topic only for you Order Now Along the chilly wastes of Rossem, villages huddled. Its sun was a small ruddy niggard that clutched its dribble of heat to itself, while snow beat thinly down for nine months of the year. The tough native grain lay dormant in the soil those snow-filled months, then grew and ripened in almost panic speed, when the sun’s reluctant radiation brought the temperature to nearly fifty. Small, goatlike animals cropped the grasslands, kicking the thin snow aside with tiny, tri-hooved feet. The men of Rossem had, thus, their bread and their milk – and when they could spare an animal – even their meat. The darkly ominous forests that gnarled their way over half of the equatorial region of the planet supplied a tough, fine-grained wood for housing. This wood, together with certain furs and minerals, was even worth exporting, and the ships of the Empire came at times and brought in exchange farm machinery, atomic heaters, even televisor sets. The last was not really incongruous, for the long winter imposed a lonely hibernation upon the peasant. Imperial history flowed past the peasants of Rossem. The trading ships might bring news in impatient spurts; occasionally new fugitives would arrive – at one time, a relatively large group arrived in a body and remained – and these usually had news of the Galaxy. It was then that the Rossemites learned of sweeping battles and decimated populations or of tyrannical emperors and rebellious viceroys. And they would sigh and shake their heads, and draw their fur collars closer about their bearded faces as they sat about the village square in the weak sun and philosophized on the evil of men. Then after a while, no trading ships arrived at all, and life grew harder. Supplies of foreign, soft food, of tobacco, of machinery stopped. Vague word from scraps gathered on the televisor brought increasingly disturbing news. And finally it spread that Trantor had been sacked. The great capital world of all the Galaxy, the splendid, storied, unapproachable and incomparable home of the emperors had been despoiled and ruined and brought to utter destruction. It was something inconceivable, and to many of the peasants of Rossem, scratching away at their fields, it might well seem that the end of the Galaxy was at hand. And then one day not unlike other days a ship arrived again. The old men of each village nodded wisely and lifted their old eyelids to whisper that thus it had been in their father’s time – but it wasn’t, quite. This ship was not an Imperial ship. The glowing Spaceship-and-Sun of the Empire was missing from its prow. It was a stubby affair made of scraps of older ships – and the men within called themselves soldiers of Tazenda. The peasants were confused. They had not heard of Tazenda, but they greeted the soldiers nevertheless in the traditional fashion of hospitality. The newcomers inquired closely as to the nature of the planet, the number of its inhabitants, the number of its cities – a word mistaken by the peasants to mean â€Å"villages† to the confusion of all concerned – its type of economy and so on. Other ships came and proclamations were issued all over the world that Tazenda was now the ruling world, that tax-collecting stations would be established girdling the equator – the inhabited region – that percentages of grain and furs according to certain numerical formulae would be collected annually. The Rossemites had blinked solemnly, uncertain of the word â€Å"taxes.† When collection time came, many had paid, or had stood by in confusion while the uniformed, other-wordlings loaded the harvested corn and the pelts on to the broad ground-cars. Here and there indignant peasants banded together and brought out ancient hunting weapons – but of this nothing ever came. Grumblingly they had disbanded when the men of Tazenda came and with dismay watched their hard struggle for existence become harder. But a new equilibrium was reached. The Tazendian governor lived dourly in the village of Gentri, from which all Rossemites were barred. He and the officials under him were dim otherworld beings that rarely impinged on the Rossemite ken. The tax-farmers, Rossemites in the employ of Tazenda, came periodically, but they were creatures of custom now – and the peasant had learned how to hide his grain and drive his cattle into the forest, and refrain from having his hut appear too ostentatiously prosperous. Then with a dull, uncomprehending expression he would greet all sharp questioning as to his assets by merely pointing at what they could see. Even that grew less, and taxes decreased, almost as If Tazenda wearied of extorting pennies from such a world. Trading sprang up and perhaps Tazenda found that more profitable. The men of Rossem no longer received in exchange the polished creations of the Empire, but even Tazendian machines and Tazendian food was better than the native stuff. And there were clothes for the women of other than gray home-spun, which was a very important thing. So once again, Galactic history glided past peacefully enough, and the peasants scrabbIed life out of the hard soil. Narovi blew into his beard as he stepped out of his cottage. You read "Second Foundation 3. Two Men and a Peasant" in category "Essay examples" The first snows were sifting across the hard ground and the sky was a dull, overcast pink. He squinted carefully upward and decided that no real storm was in sight. He could travel to Gentri without much trouble and get rid of his surplus grain in return for enough canned foods to last the winter. He roared back through the door, which he opened a crack for the purpose: â€Å"Has the car been fed its fuel, yunker?† A voice shouted from within, and then Narovi’s oldest son, his short, red beard not yet completely outgrown its boyish sparseness, joined him. â€Å"The car,† he said, sullenly, â€Å"is fueled and rides well, but for the bad condition of the axles. For that I am of no blame. I have told you it needs expert repairs.† The old man stepped back and surveyed his son through lowering eyebrows, then thrust his hairy chin outward: â€Å"And is the fault mine? Where and in what manner may I achieve expert repairs? Has the harvest then been anything but scanty for five years? Have my herds escaped the pest? Have the pelts climbed of themselves-â€Å" â€Å"Narovi!† The well-known voice from within stopped him in mid-word. He grumbled, â€Å"Well, well – and now your mother must insert herself into the affairs of a father and his son. Bring out the car, and see to it that the storage trailers are securely attached.† He pounded his gloved hands together, and looked upward again. The dimly-ruddy clouds were gathering and the gray sky that showed in the rifts bore no warmth. The sun was hidden. He was at the point of looking away, when his dropping eyes caught and his finger almost automatically rose on high while his mouth fell open in a shout, in complete disregard of the cold air. â€Å"Wife,† he called vigorously, â€Å"Old woman – come here.† An indignant head appeared at a window. The woman’s eyes followed his finger, gaped. With a cry, she dashed down the wooden stairs, snatching up an old wrap and a square of linen as she went. She emerged with the linen wrapped insecurely over her head and ears, and the wrap dangling from her shoulders. She snuffled: â€Å"It is a ship from outer space.† And Narovi remarked impatiently: â€Å"And what else could it be? We have visitors, old woman, visitors!† The ship was sinking slowly to a landing on the bare frozen field in the northern portions of Narovi’s farm. â€Å"But what shall we do?† gasped the woman. â€Å"Can we offer these people hospitality? Is the dirt floor of our hovel to be theirs and the pickings of last week’s hoecake?† â€Å"Shall they then go to our neighbors?† Narovi purpled past the crimson induced by the cold and his arms in their sleek fur covering lunged out and seized the woman’s brawny shoulders. â€Å"Wife of my soul,† he purred, â€Å"you will take the two chairs from our room downstairs; you will see that a fat youngling is slaughtered and roasted with tubers; you will bake a fresh hoecake. I go now to greet these men of power from outer space†¦ and†¦ and-† He paused, placed his great cap awry, and scratched hesitantly. â€Å"Yes, I shall bring my jug of brewed grain as well. Hearty drink is pleasant.† The woman’s mouth had flapped idly during this speech. Nothing came out. And when that stage passed, it was only a discordant screech that issued. Narovi lifted a finger, â€Å"Old woman, what was it the village Elders said a se’nnight since? Eh? Stir your memory. The Elders went from farm to farm – themselves! Imagine the importance of it! – to ask us that should any ships from outer space land, they were to be informed immediately on the orders of the governor. â€Å"And now shall I not seize the opportunity to win into the good graces of those in power? Regard that ship. Have you ever seen its like? These men from the outer worlds are rich, great. The governor himself sends such urgent messages concerning them that the Elders walk from farm to farm in the cooling weather. Perhaps the message is sent throughout all Rossem that these men are greatly desired by the Lords of Tazenda – and it is on my farm that they are landing.† He fairly hopped for anxiety, â€Å"The proper hospitality now – the mention of my name to the governor – and what may not be ours?† His wife was suddenly aware of the cold biting through her thin house-clothing. She leaped towards the door, shouting over her shoulders, â€Å"Leave then quickly.† But she was speaking to a man who was even then racing towards the segment of the horizon against which the ship sank. *** Neither the cold of the world, nor its bleak, empty spaces worried General Han Pritcher. Nor the poverty of their surroundings, nor the perspiring peasant himself. What did bother him was the question of the wisdom of their tactics? He and Channis were alone here. The ship, left in space, could take care of itself in ordinary circumstances, but still, he felt unsafe. It was Channis, of course, who was responsible for this move. He looked across at the young man and caught him winking cheerfully at the gap in the furred partition, in which a woman’s peeping eyes and gaping mouth momentarily appeared. Channis, at least, seemed completely at ease. That fact Pritcher savored with a vinegary satisfaction. His game had not much longer to proceed exactly as he wished it. Yet, meanwhile their wrist ultrawave sender-receivers were their only connection with the ship. And then the peasant host smiled enormously and bobbed his head several times and said in a voice oily with respect, â€Å"Noble Lords, I crave leave to tell you that my eldest son – a good, worthy lad whom my poverty prevents from educating as his wisdom deserves – has informed me that the Elders will arrive soon. I trust your stay here has been as pleasant as my humble means – for I am poverty-stricken, though a hard-working, honest, and humble farmer, as anyone here will tell you – could afford.† â€Å"Elders?† said Channis, lightly. â€Å"The chief men of the region here?† â€Å"So they are, Noble Lords, and honest, worthy men all of them, for our entire village is known throughout Rossem as a just and righteous spot – though living is hard and the returns of the fields and forests meager. Perhaps you will mention to the Elders, Noble Lords, of my respect and honor for travelers and it may happen that they will request a new motor wagon for our household as the old one can scarcely creep and upon the remnant of it depends our livelihood.† He looked humbly eager and Han Pritcher nodded with the properly aloof condescension required of the role of â€Å"Noble, Lords† bestowed upon them. â€Å"A report of your hospitality shall reach the ears of your Elders.† Pritcher seized the next moments of isolation to speak to the apparently half-sleeping Channis. â€Å"I am not particularly fond of this meeting of the Elders,† he said. â€Å"Have you any thoughts on the subject?† Channis seemed surprised. â€Å"No. What worries you?† â€Å"It seems we have better things to do than to become conspicuous here.’ Channis spoke hastily, in a low monotoned voice: â€Å"It may be necessary to risk becoming conspicuous in our next moves. We won’t find the type of men we want, Pritcher, by simply reaching out a hand into a dark bag and groping. Men who rule by tricks of the mind need not necessarily be men in obvious power. In the first place, the psychologists of the Second Foundation are probably a very small minority of the total population, just as on your own First Foundation, the technicians and scientists formed a minority. The ordinary inhabitants are probably just that – very ordinary. The psychologists may even be well hidden, and the men in the apparently ruling position, may honestly think they are the true masters. Our solution to that problem may be found here on this frozen lump of a planet.† â€Å"I don’t follow that at all.† â€Å"Why, see here, it’s obvious enough. Tazenda is probably a huge world of millions or hundreds of millions. How could we identify the psychologists among them and be able to report truly to the Mule that we have located the Second Foundation? But here, on this tiny peasant world and subject planet, an the Tazendian rulers, our host informs us, are concentrated in their chief village of Gentri. There may be only a few hundred of them there, Pritcher, and among them must be one or more of the men of the Second Foundation. We will go there eventually, but let us see the Elders first – it’s a logical step on the way.† They drew apart easily, as their black-bearded host tumbled into the room again, obviously agitated. â€Å"Noble Lords, the Elders are arriving. I crave leave to beg you once more to mention a word, perhaps, on my behalf-† He almost bent double in a paroxysm of fawning. â€Å"We shall certainly remember you,† said Channis. â€Å"Are these your Elders?† They apparently were. There were three. One approached. He bowed with a dignified respect and said: â€Å"We are honored. Transportation has been provided, Respected sirs, and we hope for the pleasure of your company at our Meeting Hall.† Third Interlude The First Speaker gazed wistfully at the night sky. Wispy clouds scudded across the faint stargleams. Space looked actively hostile. It was cold and awful at best but now it contained that strange creature, the Mule, and the very content seemed to darken and thicken it into ominous threat. The meeting was over. It had not been long. There had been the doubts and questionings inspired by the difficult mathematical problem of dealing with a mental mutant of uncertain makeup. All the extreme permutations had had to be considered. Were they even yet certain? Somewhere in this region of space – within reaching distance as Galactic spaces go – was the Mule. What would he do? It was easy enough to handle his men. They reacted – and were reacting – according to plan. But what of the Mule himself? How to cite Second Foundation 3. Two Men and a Peasant, Essay examples

Descriptive Essay My Room Example For Students

Descriptive Essay My Room Below is a free essay on Descriptive Essay My Room from Anti Essays, your source for free research papers, essays, and term paper examples. My safe haven, a place I can completely be myself in, a place can unwind, sit back and just relax: My room. The only space in the house can call my own. It holds all my belongings, all my sentimental objects that hold dear memories. It holds things that get me going from day to day. Its the only place in my house that is completely mine. There are visible signs of being a personal space. Sentimental Objects are lying around as decoration, posters, pictures all sorts of things that Will be cherished for years to come. There are four walls, all painted white. On the three of the four walls I have large posters hanging of the ocean and waves. The fourth wall is home to my closet, which holds girls most precious things: her clothes. There is a black metal framed bed on the right side a large flat screen television on the left, Along with my television, my brown oak desk is located on the left wall. It is fairly neat with a few exceptions of a couple of items of clothing scattered about, Sitting on the floor where I feel most comfortable feel the softness tot my carpet. A beige colored carpet with a few mishaps visible here and there. The walls have the feeling Of fresh paint, the ceiling a rough touch of the swirls made by an unknown material to me. Smell clean air and perfume. Mostly Channel Chance, my favorite, Taste is a hard sense to describe, being that Vie never seen a way to taste my room. An taste the meal of the casserole my mom is cooking from the kitchen; it makes my mouth water at times. I hear the low buzz tot my laptop, and the soft music playing in the background, with the tendency to switch to fast, loud blaring music. Depending on what my music player wants to play at the time. I hear the television in the living room, and cars buzzing past on the street I hear the neighbors kids yelling and screaming at their pool. Hear the pool water splashing as theyre doing cannon balls. Prom the backyard I can hear my crazy neighbors

The impact of the problem of nuclear radiation on the exports of Japan

Abstract According to BBC news on 15th march 2011, the radiation caused by the Japan explosion had risen at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant. According to the government report, the quake-stricken plant had reached levels that were harmful.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The impact of the problem of nuclear radiation on the exports of Japan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The warning came after the same plant had been hard hit by the quake for the third time now. This third blast was the worst because for the first time it was thought to have damaged a reactors containment system. (Tabuchi, 2011, p.1-2). At that particular time, there was a lot of worry of further leakages of radioactive from the nuclear plant and the experts extended the boundaries of the harmful zone to be within a range of thirty kilometers or eighteen miles and the people who were living within this limit were being advised to relocate o r remain inside their houses. In fact, the citizens in Koriyama were being observed if they had been exposed to any exposure of radiation (Sanger and Wald, 2011. p. 1-2) Introduction This explosion had great impacts on the exports of Japan as an economy. This has effects to both the global and national economies. This has led to a decline in the exports of Japan and a shortage in the countries that rely heavily on exports from Japan. This paper seeks to analyze the effects of this quake on the exports of Japan. Other aspects included in this paper are the descriptive analysis of the Japan nuclear radiation and the relevant theories related to the nuclear radiation topic (Foster, 2011, p. 1). Because this is a very current phenomenon, most of the materials available are news documents. Most publishers have not yet released books and other scholarly documents on this happening. Descriptive analysis The magnitude of the Japan explosion was 9.0 but the government sources later on report ed that the levels of the radiation at the main entrance of the plant had dropped tremendously. In less than four days, reactor two was the third to blast and reactor four shortly caught fire. Shortly before the blast reactor four had been closed because it was under maintenance.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At that point in time, reactors five and six were being observed keenly because sources said that they had also begun overheating. This was a hydrogen blast which caused the level of radiation to rise above the normal in the capital city of Japan. However, government officials claimed that this was not harmful to health. (Mcchinney and Sign, p. 123) International business theory A theory can be defined as set of principles or statements that are written in order to give explanation to a number of phenomena or facts, mostly those that have been tested severally or broa dly accepted and can be used to foretell about a natural phenomena. One of the relevant theories referred to in this phenomenon is the international business theory. International business is a wide terminology that explains all the transactions that are commercial and occur between two or more countries. These business undertakings could be either governmental, semi governmental or private. With a lot of improvements that have taken place in the business industry, nations can now export their products to any republic globally. There are several theories that explain why a given nation should go to another nation to purchase given goods and services even if it produces the same products at their local market. Some examples of international business theories include the absolute advantage theory, the comparative cost theory, opportunity cost theory and the vent for surplus theory. The absolute advantage theory was developed in the year 1977 by Adam Smith. The theory is based on the f act that production of some goods and services are cheaper in some countries due to some natural factors like natural resources, cheap labor skilled labor and good farming land. Each country concentrates in production of goods and services it has absolute advantage over for export purposes. Comparative cost theory was developed by David Ricardo. This theory explains that two nations can trade over a commodity if one of them has an advantage of manufacturing the good or service over another product in comparison of another republic’s ability of producing similar products.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The impact of the problem of nuclear radiation on the exports of Japan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gottfried Herberler developed the opportunity cost theory in 1959. The value of alternatives that have to be forgone in order to attain a particular product is the opportunity cost. The opportunity cost t heory suggests that a nation will produce and export the products that are more profitable to it as compared to others. Lastly the vent for supply theory simply states that if a country produces more than the domestic demand, the extra produce has to be sold to the international market. If this is not done, part of the countries labor force will become redundant because their produce have no where to go. International business theories are therefore a special contributor to the whole aspect of international trade. Impact of Japan nuclear radiation on exports Impact on power generation The explosion at the main power plant in Japan led to a serious shortage of power supply both to millions of house holds and manufacturers. In terms of exports, the worst heat sector is the automotive manufacturing industry. This lead to low production in automotives and other manufactured products, hence low supply to the market that imports machines from Japan. This is mainly because a big proportion of the Japan economy heavily relies on nuclear power. Most of them site the heavy cost of electricity and also it’s not enough for the power intensive country. This continually leads to a reduction in production for export and hence in return reducing the export quantities. Japans economy relies heavily on the manufacturing industry for sustenance. Export from this is heavily dependent on power. This has largely affected production in Japan and coupled with increasing oil prices, the products are becoming very expensive for the export market. Japan has to find a quick and durable solution for its export products if it has to maintain and even improve its place on the international market. In mitigating the impact on power generation, the government and the industry have to work hand in hand to provide both long term and short term solutions. In the short time, the government has to import power in from other nations in order to ensure that production still goes on as usual. This will maintain its place in the market lest it looses its customers due to shortage in the market. In the long term, the government should place measures in place to ensure that the nuclear firm works effectively with no further explosions.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Radiation testing on Japan’s food exports Even though Japan is not heavily involved in food export, experts argue that air borne radio actives can get their way into the body through the skin, inhalation and food. If animals graze infected grass they too get infected and consequently, their products like milk and meat get infected too (Mc call, 2010, p. 210). If these radiations also fall on plants, they also get infected and so they are not good for human consumption. This ends up being a threat to food supply of the affected economy to the rest of the world (AFP, 2011, p.1) Japan’s export industry received negative publicity of their food industry due to this explosion. Many economies feared importing food products from Japan because of health issues. Countries like Singapore and Thailand were among the first to test Japan’s food products for radiation contamination. Such food products included fruits, sea foods, meat and vegetables (Willacy, 2011, p.1) This e ffect on Japan’s food exports did not affect the economy of its country alone by reducing exports, but is also caused and continues to course great shortages of these products in countries that heavily rely on Japan for their supply. The condition is further worsened by the thought that intake of radioactive iodine contaminated food leads to thyroid cancer. No body wants to be infected under all costs. In fact the radiations lead to a ban in shipment of some food products from Japan. The main consumers of Japan’s food products are China, US and Hong Kong. Up to date, the food exports from Japan are still not being received well on the international market. Consumers still fear these products and this has reduced the earnings of Japan from its food export industry. It’s upon the work of the officials to convince the whole world that their products are now safe and that security measures have been put in place to avoid any contamination. In handling this problem, the government should test its products to ensure that they have no elements of radiations before they are exported. They have to establish laboratories that ensure that their exports are safe for consumption. It can be very bad for their customers to detect the radiations before Japan itself can do so. Once all the products prove to be harmless over a long period of time, then the government can have the breakthrough and confidence of selling on the international market. Effect on the value of the yen Due to the fear of consuming products from Japan, the effect has been seen and will continue being seen in reduced demand from the international market. This continuously leads to a flight in foreign capital and in turn it results in Japanese exports becoming cheaper and imports on the other hand becoming more expensive. This has led to a state in which the value of the Japanese Yen in relation to the US dollar has been continuously depreciating. Japan is an energy intensive country a nd any negative effects in its energy sector, causes it to import more energy. This continues to increase the value of imports and further increase inflation causing the yen to loose its value. The direct implication of this is that the country now needs more units of yen for its imports and receives fewer units of the same for its exports. This has direct negative effects on the foreign trade of Japan as a republic (Harukoya, 2011.p. 1) The negative effect on the value of the yen is mainly caused by fall in demand and hence the government and all the affected industries have to lay strategies of inducing demand on the international market by coming up with promotion programs that are geared towards restoring the confidence of Japan’s products on the international market. Impact on manufactured products Japan heavily relies on the export of second hand and new automobiles for their economic sustainability. The fear that radiations can penetrate the body through the skin has a ffected this export business. It is widely believed that automobiles from Japan are contaminated and purchasing them is harmful. This is a double tragedy because as Japan would be working towards stabilizing its power supply, it would heavily rely on products that are ready for export. However, these products have no place in the market because of fear. The fact that radiation can be inhaled or penetrate through the skin puts Japan’s export industry between a rock and a very hard surface. It may surely take decades for the international community to build confidence in Japan’s products. The only way to handle this challenge is for the manufacturers, the government and other stake holders restoring the confidence of the international market by testing their exports to ensure that they are harmless and then putting in place suitable programs for marketing their products on the international market. Effect on flight trips Flying of planes in and out of a country is a very good indicator of a successful foreign exchange sector. This is because, foreigners come in form of investors and tourists hence injecting foreign investment into the country. Due to the fear of radioactive contaminants, many visitors have shied from visiting Japan. The fear of being infected has made Japan loose a lot on their foreign income in form from visitors. The fact that Japan has to continue spending more and more on exports yet receiving lesser in form of imports places the economy in a bad state (Kobata, 2011, p. 1-2). The only way for checking out on this is by the ministry in charge of tourism, trade and other stake holders holding very serious campaigns of assuring the foreigners that the affected areas are very safe for human habitation. In case there are any traces of radiation effects still in the air, then the government should look for experts globally to neutralize the concentration of the radiation within the environment. Damages on the surrounding firms Due to the explosion, several manufacturing and business enterprises were also hard hit by the explosion. This caused several damages to the manufacturers and other businesses and as a result, it led to low production of goods and services meant for both the local and international markets. This in itself enhanced the problem of exports because even though Japan’s products were receiving negative publicity, the level of production also fell tremendously. There is only one way to help in solving this problem, the way out is for the affected firms to squeeze for some funds in their budget, with the sole reason of rebuilding the destroyed amenities. This is an expensive unplanned for undertaking but it has to be carried out in order to avoid shortages in the market. Effects on employment This problem of damages to the surrounding led to many manufacturing firms and businesses to reducing their number of staff until the required renovations had been carried out. The problem of an abrup t drop in employment has negative effects to the exports of a country and the economy at large. This is mainly because it is this source of labor that produces for export purposes. Once the labor force is reduced drastically, it has a direct effect of reduced production. Such a reduction in production does not only affect goods and services for the local market but it also affects the international market at large (Arthur, 2011, p.1) The effects on employment can be sorted by the government putting in place measures that ensure that the production process is restored and the manufactured products are marketed for properly on the market. This includes all the above discussed recommendations of rebuilding any destroyed infrastructure and product promotion to ensure that customer confidence is gained. Conclusion From this paper, it has come out evidently that the event of the nuclear radiation that was largely covered on both the local and international media has had great negative eff ects on its economy. The effects have been felt in the main sectors of the economy not leaving behind the export sector. It appears that any single effect of this event has had a direct impact on the exports of Japan. One thing to note is that these effects are still being felt and it may take Japan some time before going back to normal. The greatest challenge Japan has is that of convincing the whole world that their products are now safe, especially after the media widely covered topics on the potential effects of radiation. Not accusing the media at all, but to a great extent, it contributed to the negative publicity of Japan’s export products (Gyogy 1980, p. 27). Attempts by the government of Japan to re-assure the international community that its products and environment are now safe have not yet yielded much fruits. One this to not is that by the fact that the exports of Japan are affected, then this does not only affect the economy of Japan, but it also affects the eco nomy of other countries. Economists argue that these effects may persist for some time. Reference list AFP, 2011. Japan lifts ban on beef following radiation scarce. Tokyo: Jiji press Web. Available from https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jEM_jh5opnvevhLUBe3o4VSRV_lQ?docId=CNG.d9c33ad2522303116f66ed4a0b3bf55a.541 . Arthur, H. 2011, Asian week: Earth quake rocks US nuclear industry from North Anna to India point NYC. Asia. http://www.asianweek.com/2011/08/24/earthquake-rocks-va-and-nuclear-industry/ . Foster, M. 2011. USA today: finance minister to be japans next prime minister. NY: Associated press Web. Available from https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jbJBKfj6tT4K9Obffo5XueElYKLw?docId=dcf287a143de4dd29bd9ec11d24b8f6e . Hoffman, M. 2011. The Japan times: forgotten atrocity of the atomic age Web. Available from http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fb20110828a1.html Hirokawa, T. 2011, CBC.ca.business news, candidates to succeed can call for unity, differ on taxes. Tokyo.  http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/g/a/2011/08/27/bloomberg1376-LQMQET0YHQ0X01-4EURE041A6EGBR456CH2JLUHRB.DTL Gyorgy, N. 1980. No nukes: Everyone’s guide to nuclear power. Boston: South end press. Kobata, Y. 2011. Reuters: Japan faces costly, unprecedented radiation clean up Web. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/26/us-japan-nuclear-decontamination-idUSTRE77P0HE20110826 . Mc call, R. P. 2010. Physics of the human body. Maryland: john Hopkins University press Mcchinnery, E. Sighn, W. 1989, nuclear weapons and contemporary international law. Netherlands: Martinnus nishoff publishing OECD nuclear energy agency, 1960, nuclear production of hydrogen. Danvers: OECD nuclear energy agency. Sanger, D. E Wald, M. 2011. New York Times: U.S calls radiation extremely high. Sees Japan’s situation worsening  http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/17/world/asia/17nuclear.html?pagewanted=all. 16 march 2011 Tabuchi, H. 2011. New York Times: Japanese island activists resist nuclear allure Web. Available from http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/28/world/asia/28nuclear.html?_r=1 Tsukimori, O. Layne, N. 2011. Reuters: Areas near Japan nuclear plant may be off limits for decades Web. Available from http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/27/us-japan-nuclear-uninhabitable-idUSTRE77Q17U20110827 . Willacy, M. 2011, Routers: Resilient Japanese producers vow to re build Web. Available from http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-08-27/japan-radiation-am/2858330/?site=sydney . This essay on The impact of the problem of nuclear radiation on the exports of Japan was written and submitted by user T'Challa to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

From Training Camp to Boot Camp essays

From Training Camp to Boot Camp essays Pat Tillman: From Training Camp to Boot Camp When Pat Tillman turned down his $3.6 million salary from the Arizona Cardinals so that he could join the United States Army, no one made a big deal out of it. People just admired his patriotism and desire to fight for his country. But after he died, he was made the poster-child for Americans. Even though most people are not willing to give up their normal lives in order to fight for their country, it seemed more feasible after a millionaire football player did it. He not only gave up his multi-million dollar job, he gave up his life. There is only one problem I have with Pat Tillmans death, and it is not that he was fighting for reasons other than patriotism or pride. It is the fact that the national media put him on a pedestal above all other soldiers fighting overseas. Of course his story was the most compelling, but was his life worth more than Master Sgt. Evander Earl Andrews, USAF36 Solon, Maine; the first US casualty in Operation Enduring Freedom? I believe that Pat Tillman should be honored, but I also believe that no solider should be honored for dying because he was famous. All of the soldiers deserve equal credit, no matter if it is John Q. Rich from New York, or Joey B. Poor from Kansas. All soldiers go into service fully knowing that they may die in combat, they even get the same haircuts to stress the point that once you are in, you are equal to every man and woman serving with you. So in my humble opinion, every person that dies serving our country deserves the hero treatment, not just Pat Tillman. ...

Theme - Definition and Examples in Composition

Theme s in Composition Definitions (1) In literature and composition, a  theme is the main idea of a text, expressed directly or indirectly. Adjective: thematic. (2) In composition studies, a theme is a short essay or  composition assigned as a writing exercise. See also: Composing My First College Essay, by Sandy KlemFive-Paragraph EssayModels of CompositionTheme WritingWhats Wrong With the Five-Paragraph Essay? See Examples and Observations below. Also, see: EpiphanyMotifPlotThesis Etymology From the Greek, placed or laid down Examples and Observations (definition #1): Simply put, a storys theme is its idea or point (formulated as a generalization). The theme of a fable is its moral; the theme of a parable is its teaching; the theme of a short story is its implied view of life and conduct. Unlike the fable and parable, however, most fiction is not designed primarily to teach or preach. Its theme, thus, is more obliquely presented. In fact, theme in fiction is rarely presented at all; readers abstract it from the details of characters and action that compose the story.(Robert DiYanni, Literature. McGraw-Hill, 2002) Orwells Theme(s) in the Essay A Hanging- A Hanging is [George] Orwells first distinctive work. It gives an apparently objective account of a ritualistic executionfrom fixed bayonets to a bag over the head of the condemnedin which the narrator officially and actively participates. . . . At this halfway point Orwell states his theme: till that moment I had never realized what it means to destroy a healthy, conscious man. When I saw the pris oner step aside to avoid the puddle, I saw the mystery, the unspeakable wrongness, of cutting a life short when it is in full tide. Instead of invoking religion, he asserts a quasi-religious sense of lifes sacrednessthe first expression of the instinctive humanism that characterizes all his work.(Jeffrey Meyers, Orwell: Wintry Conscience of a Generation. Norton, 2000)- A variation on this theme occurs in several of Orwells most famous texts containing epiphanies, moments of illumination in which the humanity of people he has hitherto viewed in terms of dehumanizing generalizations suddenly breaks through, and Orwells perception is jarred as he understands, with a shock, that these are people like himself. . . . In the early sketch entitled A Hanging (1931), Orwell describes how his idea of what it means to kill a man is altered by the Hindu prisoners gesture of stepping aside to avoid a puddle on the way to the gallows. What the text reveals, however, is that the prisoner at first l ooks to Orwell like a mere insignificant object. Into this scene, well defined in terms of the prisoners already marginal existence, breaks the unexpected gesture, making Orwell (or the Orwellian narrative persona) realize that the prisoner is alive, just as he is . . . . This chronicle is generally interpreted along the lines Orwell lays down, as the revelation of the barbarity of execution, but its primary meaning, I believe, is another. An inferiorized human being has for an instant become a genuine person in the eyes of one of the masters.(Daphne Patai,The Orwell Mystique: A Study in Male Ideology. University of Massachusetts Press, 1984) The Themes of the Novel Charlottes Web- Themes are subject to readers interpretation, so different individuals may identify different themes in the same book; the dominant idea or theme, however, should be apparent to readers.Charlottes Web offers many layers of meaning to readers. Younger children are apt to understand this book as an animal fantasy. Older children are ready to apprehend the cycle of life and death, while adults recognize the irony in a situation that gives one character credit for the creativity of another. This is why we recommend using Charlottes Web in the third or fourth grade, when children are ready to understand its major theme.(Barbara Stoodt et al., Childrens Literature:Discovery for a Lifetime. Macmillan, 1996)- Identifying theme is typically a bit more difficult perhaps because theme is often confused with plot summary or motif. . . . Charlottes Web (White, 1952) is a story about a pig whose life is saved by a spider is not a theme statement! It is a pl ot statement. Charlottes Web is a story about friendship is also not a theme statement! Rather, it is a statement identifying one of the most important motifs in the storyfriendship. A theme in Charlottes Web is that true friendship involves responsibilities as well as privileges is a theme statement!(R. Craig Roney, The Story Performance Handbook. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2001)- Besides mortality itself, throughout many idyllic scenes [in Charlottes Web] Andy [White] dabbed colorful spots of melancholy. He translated the song sparrows aria as sweet, sweet, sweet interlude and informed the reader that it referred to lifes brevity. Crickets harped on the same theme. But overall Andys theme was the joy of being alive, of reveling in the moment with visceral attention. What seemed like two themes were really one.(Michael Sims, The Story of Charlottes Web. Walker, 2011) The Difference Between Plot and ThemeIf you sometimes confuse plot with theme, keep the two elements separate by thinking of theme as what the story is about, and plot as the situation that brings it into focus. You might think of theme as the message of the storythe lesson to be learned, the question that is asked, or what it is the author is trying to tell us about life and the human condition. Plot is the action by which this truth will be demonstrated.(Phyllis Reynolds Naylor, quoted by Kenneth John Atchity and Chi-Li Wong in Writing Treatments That Sell, rev. ed. Henry Holt, 2003) Thesis and ThemeThe thesis is the main point you are trying to argue [in a composition]: for instance, that abortion is every womans right or that housing discrimination is wrong. The theme, on the other hand, is a motif established by orchestrated connotative language that reinforces the thesis. Theme differs from thesis in that theme relies on inference and suggested meaning rather than on direct st atement.(Kristin R. Woolever, About Writing: A Rhetoric for Advanced Writers. Wadsworth, 1991) Pronunciation: THEEM

Electronic Displays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Electronic Displays - Essay Example Electronic paper is a more recent electronic display technology (Facchetti and Marks 2010, p213). Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) CRT is a vacuum tube that uses a hot filament to produce electrostatic, magnetic fields, and thermo-electrons to â€Å"focus the electrons into a beam attracted to the high voltage anode which is the phosphor emit luminous radiation† (Maxim Integrated Products 2002, p1). Color CRTs generally utilize three electron sources or guns to target blue, green, and red phosphor prototypes to the screen. Electro-Luminescent Display (ELD) EL display is a solid-state display that uses phosphor to discharge light or a beam in the presence of an electric field. Phosphors utilized are generally green or yellow-orange (Maxim Integrated Products 2002, p1). Flip-Dot Display Each pixel is composed of a hinged disk. The disk is characterized by a reflective or a fluorescent (lit) on one side and a matt black on the other side (unlit). Various methods are used to flip the disk. One technique balances the disk around the electromagnetic soft iron framework. The winding is strengthened to attract the disk towards either of the sides. The remanent magnetism grasps the position and thus, only a small amount of energy (power pulse) is needed to flip the pixel. Incandescent Display (Light Bulb) A tungsten filament (which is coated) is run white hot in the vacuum. The filament generates both infrared (heat) and visible light. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) LCD utilizes the liquid crystals properties in an electric field to direct light from the opposite polarized back and front display plates. The liquid crystal functions as a helical director to direct the light or beam through 90 degrees from one plate to the other plate. It is important to note that the liquid crystal acts as a director only when the driver gives the correct electric field (Maxim Integrated Products 2002, p2). Light Emitting Diode (LED) LED is a photon generating semiconductor, which generates l ight due to the effect of injection electroluminescence. The emitted light wavelength varies primarily because of the semiconductor material chosen and it is generally in infrared or a visible spectrum. Organic LEDs (OLED) Polymer LEDs (PLED) These forms of display utilize organic electroluminescent materials placed on flexible or a glass substrate. OLEDs are devices dependent on small organic polymer molecules and PLEDs are devices based on the large organic polymer molecules. Light is emitted through injection electroluminescence just like LEDs. The â€Å"choice of organic material sets the emission color OLED pixels are capacitive (tens to hundreds of pictofarads) leading to significant switching losses for large displays with high multiplex ratios† (Maxim Integrated Products 2002, p3). Glow Discharge (Plasma) Indicators (Nixie) Inert gas within a tube (the tube is composed of two electrodes under high voltage) is ionized permitting current to emerge around the cathode. Wh en the tube is driven from an alternating current (AC) source such as a neon indicator, the glow discharge emerges from both electrodes. Sophisticated displays utilize either multiple cathodes designed as complete numerals (each lit at a time) or segments (a character

Communication in business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Communication in business - Essay Example BASF is headquartered in Ludwigshafen, Germany3. II. Aspect of BASF social performance: Verbund BASF always prided itself with its â€Å"Verbund† philosophy which meant total integration strategy which provided the company a competitive edge by improving its efficiency by restructuring4. One of the aspect of Verbund for instance is how they used byproducts of their production which could have been discarded as waste as an input for other production. Concretely is how BASF ingeniously capture heat energy into its plants and convert it into power to drive other machines in their plants5. Verbund has also allowed BASF to extend itself to a wide array of product lines with a well diversified revenue portfolio that brings in stability in the company while catering to a broader customer base6. But this concept of Verbund or integration which is the core of BASF corporate philosophy might have been taken into excess because it has been sued 35 class actions for price fixing in violat ion of the Anti-trust Law the United States. In the same vein, it was also sued in the United Kingdom for infringement of Fair Trade Policy (UK’s equivalent for Antitrust) for unethically â€Å"integrating† with other companies to the point of collusion that retards the mechanism of the market. III. Details of the case against BASF It is quite bothersome for a huge company such as BASF which is considered to be the largest chemical company in the world has 35 class action suit filed against it in the United States alone7. It indicates that there is something wrong with the company’s business practices. If it was only several cases, it could have been dismissed as a nuisance, but with 35 class action suits, the cases are worth to look at because it appears to be a business trend which is not exactly ideal. The cases hurled against BASF are serious that ranged from unfair company practice such as violation on anti-trust laws on price fixing, to exposing its employ ees to contaminated chemicals in the production of its fertilizers. Both allegations are serious offenses for it boils down to unfair business practice and total disregard for its employees’ safety and well-being. The lawsuit begun in 2004 when BASF together with Huntsman, Bayer, Dow and LyondellBasell were accused of price fixing. They were accused of price fixing â€Å"propylene  oxide (PO)-based polyether  polyols; methyl di-p-phenylene isocyanate (MDI); and  toluene  di-isocyanate (TDI) that were purchased from 1 January 1999 through 31 December 20048†. All of the parties that were accused opted to settle out of court with BASF offering a settlement amount of $51 million. It denied guilt to price fixing and justified that it was settling to save itself with the cost of a dragged litigation and the distraction of court hearing that will bother the company. This may have been approved by the Department of Justice in December of 2011 but still, the company is still facing a separate price fixing lawsuit from its isocyanates customers9.   Apparently, BASF has also a Fair Trading (Antitrust version in United Kingdom) case in UK which indicates that their alleged price fixing practices are not isolated in the US10. In Brazil, BASF together with Shell also faced class lawsuits and was in fact convicted to pay damages to its former employees. The class lawsuit was about contaminating its â€Å"

Matrimonial Rights of Women Essay Example for Free

Matrimonial Rights of Women Essay Islamic law is a very great jurisprudence worldwide, Islamic law is defined as the law according to the Muslim faith and as interpreted from the Quran also known as Sharia law. The sacred law of Islam is an all-embracing body of religious duties, the totality of Allahs commands that regulate the life of every Muslim in all its aspects. Important feature of Muslim law is the fact that there is no clear separation of Mosque (is a place of worship for followers of Islam) and state. Under Islamic law, the religion of Islam and the government are one. Islamic law is controlled, ruled and regulated by the Islamic religion; a theocracy. Islamic law purports to regulate all public and private behavior including personal hygiene, diet, sexual conduct, and child rearing. Islamic law now prevails in countries all over the Middle East and elsewhere covering 20 per cent of the worlds population. Despite its relative inflexibility, in some ways, Islamic law is superior to other systems of law, such as the preference given to arbitration in civil disputes. Islamic law composed of following elements * Sharia: * Quran * Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (generally known as Hadith) * Sunnah, literally means path. * The Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad consists of his sayings, actions, approval and disapprovals. * ?Fiqh: * Collection of juridical opinions given by various jurists as they pondered over the day-to-day application of Sharia * ?Fatwa: * Legal opinions (typically non-binding) issued by qualified jurists. * Usually provided as an answer to a specific question. Sharia is based on wisdom and achieving people’s welfare in this life and the afterlife. Sharia is all about justice, mercy, wisdom, and good. Thus, any ruling that replaces justice with injustice, mercy with its opposite, common good with mischief, or wisdom with nonsense is a ruling that does not belong to the Sharia even it is claimed to be so according to some interpretations. The main criticism on Islamic law from the western society is â€Å"Islamic law discriminates women’s rights†. Western society has identified so many women’s right violating incidents occurred in the countries which practices Islamic law or the countries which identify themselves as an Islamic republic. For example the following incidents could be recognized as the discriminatory aspect of Islamic law. Traditionally, the Muslim woman marries at a young age to a man of her fathers choice. A husband is entitled to divorce any time, even against his wifes will, by merely declaring verbally that this is his intention.Although the image of the egalitarian woman is slowly developing within some more secular Arab states, it remains largely confined to urban centers and upper-class circles. Ritual sexual mutilation of females is still common in rural areas of Egypt, Libya, Oman and Yemen. According to the UN, utilization of Arab womens capabilities through political and economic participation remains the lowest in the world in quantitative terms†¦.In some countries with elected national assemblies, women are still denied the right to vote or hold office. And one in every two Arab women can neither read nor write. Wife-beating is a relatively common practice in Arab countries, and abused women have little recourse. As the State Department has noted regarding Jordan (and most of the Arab world): Wife beating is technically grounds for divorce, but the husband may seek to demonstrate that he has authority from the Quran to correct an irreligious or disobedient wife by striking her. Abstraction of all above issues points out that most of the restriction on Muslim women connected with their marital life. A patriarchy family system has been formed through Islamic norms and values. however Islamic legal experts and scholars denies the above statement and they strongly argue that Islamic law grants much wider rights to women’s especially in case of marriage life the Islamic women enjoys much wider rights other than non Islamic women’s. Now let’s analyze myths and facts regarding the matrimonial rights provided under the Islamic law. First of all let’s see how Islamic laws treat gender equality. â€Å"And women shall have rights similar to the rights upon them in a just and equitable manner; but men have a degree over them† (Holy Quran2:228). Interpretation given for the above verse by Islamic scholars is the rights of the wives in relation to their husbands are equal to their obligations toward their husbands but men in their obligations toward their wives stand a step further The â€Å"step further† of which the Quran speaks is not a position of greater rank or nobility. The â€Å"step† the Quran makes reference to is the obligatory duty given to the man in the care of the woman; it is not a degree of superiority. Allah ordained men with the responsibility to preserve and solely sustain women. The â€Å"step further† is in no way a form of dominance or preferment. The Quran consistently makes reference to equity, parity, and equilibrium among the genders. It disposes of genders and makes no distinction whatsoever between the superiority or inferiority of men and women. On the contrary, it is the piety of a person that distinguishes him or her by ranks or degrees, not gender or lineage. As stated in this verse â€Å"step further† husband duty bound to maintain his wife, Now let’s see how does Shariah law ensures the Right to Maintenance of a wife. The duty to maintain a wife is the sole responsibility of a husband under Islamic Law. This can be seen in the Quran where it states that: â€Å"Men shall take full care of women with the bounties which Allah has bestowed more abundantly on the former (men, with several special merits) than on the latter (women) , also because they spend a part of (their wealth) to maintain them†¦.† This command is further strengthened by a number of Hadith as follows: Prophet said the following concerning women,   Ã¢â‚¬  And their rights which are your responsibility is to feed and clothed them in accordance to their needs† Hence, from the above it is the duty and responsibility of a husband to support his wife from the day he married her. This responsibility continues as long as they are married to each other. Upon divorce, a husband has to maintain his wife during the iddah period which is approximately 3 months. After the 3 months is completed, a husband may no longer have to support her. Apart from maintenance a woman is also entitled to mutaah (consolidation payment upon divorce) and matrimonial property (harta sepencarian) In case of Maintenance Srilankan Muslim Marriage and Divorce Act provides that any claim for maintenance by or on behalf of a wife, legitimate child or illegitimate child (where both parents are Muslims) falls within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Quazi. A Muslim woman’s right to maintenance during marriage is derived from the concept of nafaqa, which encompasses the provision of basic needs such as food, clothing and accommodation to the wife. In contrast to the Maintenance Act, the husband has the primary obligation of providing support and a wife’s own financial means are irrelevant in determining her claim for maintenance. Maintenance after divorce is not recognized under Muslim personal law. However, the Muslim Marriage and Divorce Act provide three situations in which a divorced wife may claim maintenance: 1. until registration of the divorce; 2. During iddat (the period of time that a divorced wife must remain unmarried); and 3. If such woman is pregnant at the time of registration of the divorce, until she delivers the child. A wife who leaves her husbands house without valid and sufficient reason is not entitled to claim maintenance from her husband under section 21 of the Muslim Marriage and Divorce Registration Ordinance. In the case of Seyed Mohamed V. Mohamed Ali Lebbe Court held that â€Å"When the woman abandons the conjugal domicile without any valid reason she is not entitled to maintenance. Simple refractoriness, as has been popularly supposed, does not lead to a forfeiture of her right But if she were to leave the house against his will without any valid reason, she would lose her right, but would recover it on her return to the conjugal domicile. What is a valid and sufficient reason for the wife to leave the husbands home is a matter for the discretion of the Judge. As a general principle a wife who leaves her husbands house on account of his or his relations continued ill-treatment of her†¦. continues entitled to her maintenance . Custody of the child Shariah law give priority to women’s in case of custody of child, One of the key relevant hadith is the following:, a woman came to the Prophet and said: Truly my belly served as a container for my son here, and my breast served as a skin-bag for him (to drink out of) and my bosom served as a refuge for him; and now his father has divorced me, and he (also) desires to take him away from me. The Prophet said: You have a better right to have him, as long as you do not marry again. From this hadith we could arrive a clear understanding that in case of child custody the Mother has the priority. However, if the mother marries again she would generally forfeit her right to custody. This concept in custody which favors to mothers has been adopted in several legal systems which include Muslim law as a personal law. For example in India the first and foremost right to have the custody of children belongs to the mother and she cannot be deprived of her right so long as she is not found guilty of misconduct. Mother has the right of custody so long as she is not disqualified. This right is known as right of hizanat (custody) and it can be enforced against the father or any other person. The mother’s right of hizanat was solely recognized in the interest of the children and in no sense it is an absolute right. Srilankan legal system also follows similar phenomena in regarding the custody of Muslim child which ensures the priority of the mother to keep her children under her custody even without the consent of her husband. In re Wappu Marikar case Wood Renton CJ stated that according to Shafii school, the custody of a girl remains with the mother, not merely until puberty, but till she is actually married; and in the case of a boy, till completion of his seventh year at all events, and from thence until puberty he may place himself under either parent whom he chooses. This case is a clear example to quote that srilankan Muslim law provides a wide safeguard to women’s in regarding the custody of child. Rights on matrimonial property Shariah law clearly defines the rights of women on property. The Muslim woman has always had the right to own and manage her own property. Marriage in Islam does not mean that the man takes over the womans property, nor does she automatically have the right to all his property if he dies. Both are still regarded as individual people with responsibilities to other members of their family parents, brothers, sisters etc. The husband has the duty to support and maintain the wife, as stated in the Quran, and this is held to be so even if she is rich in her own right. He has no right to expect her to support herself, let alone support his children or him. If she does contribute to the household income this is regarded as a charitable deed on her part. Because of their greater financial responsibilities, some categories of male relations, according to the inheritance laws in the Quran, inherit twice the share of their female equivalents, but others, whose responsibilities are likely to be less, inherit the same share -mothers and fathers, for instance are each entitled to one sixth of the estate of their children, after bequests (up to one third of the estate) and payment of debts. Women are thus well provided for their husband’s support them, and they inherit from all their relations. They are allowed to engage in business or work at home or outside the house, so long as the family does not suffer, and the money they make is their own, with no calls on it from other people until their death. â€Å"Men shall have their share of that which they have earned, and women a share of that which they have earned†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Quran4:33) From the above verse from Quran married women’s are treated sole owners of their property husband cannot claim any part of her property while marriage exist of dissolved. Moreover Upon marriage the husband is required to give his wife a mahr (dowry) which then becomes her exclusive property. A woman can work for financial gain, without any obligation on her part to contribute to the household expenses. Islam also gives her inheritance rights, making it a requirement for women to get their determined share. Two significant features regarding Muslim women matrimonial property are Mahr and Kaikuli. Mahr is like dowry in other communities which is demand by bride and provided by groom when marriage is solemnized. Mahr is a sole property of wife and husband did not have any interest on mahr property. Even after the dissolution of marriage husband cannot claim the mahr from wife but if there any balance has to be settled on agreed mahr the wife could claim that balance mahr after the dissolution of marriage. kaikuli means any sum of money paid or other movable property given or any sum of money or any movable property promised to paid or given, to a bridegroom for the use of bride, before or at the time of marriage by a relative of bride or by any other person. Husband has the ownership of kaikuli property but he is liable to pay it over to the wife if she demands it, even during the subsistence of the marriage. The obligation is to return the property to his wife whenever she demands it or, if she dies, to her heirs. Rights on marriage and divorce. Marriage in Islam is viewed as an important and sacred union between a man and woman that fulfills half of one’s religious obligations. A well-known passage in the Quran discusses marriage as follows: â€Å"Among His signs is that He created for you spouses from yourselves so that you might find repose with them. And He has placed between you affection and mercy. In that there are certainly signs for people who reflect.† (Quran 30:21). Marriage requirements There are basic requirements for marriage in Islam. First, a couple must mutually consent to the marriage. This requires both a clear proposal and acceptance. A woman also must have a WALI or legal guardian present during the process. If a WALI is not present a woman must be past puberty and competent to make the decision to marry. Brides are also entitled to a dowry that is typically negotiated at the same time as the marriage contract. The dowry is specifically a gift showing love and devotion to the bride. There are two types of dowries a bride is entitled to: the mahr and the MUAKHR, first, the mahr is the dowry given to the bride at the time of marriage before consummation takes place. She is not required to share this dowry and is free to do what she wishes with the gift. The bride is often asked her opinion to make sure she receives a gift she enjoys. MUAKHR is the second type of dowry that is given upon the death of the husband or the couple’s divorce. This is also referred to as the â€Å"deferred† dowry. MUAKHR is meant for both financial support and as a large consequence that the couple should consider when contemplating divorce. In situations of death, this amount is paid out before the estate is divided. If the estate cannot cover the entire amount, the wife is entitled to collect the amount from the husband’s surviving family members who are also heirs to the estate. She can also waive the obligation for any reason, including hardship on her husband’s family. Polygamy The most controversial topic in Islamic law is polygamy some critics say this concept is is a distinct violation of married women rights. However now let’s analyze what Islamic law says about polygamy and polyandry ‘If ye fear that ye shall not be able to deal justly with the orphans, Marry women of your choice, Two or three or four; but if ye fear that ye shall not be able to deal justly (with them), then only one, or (a captive) that your right hands possess, that will be more suitable, to prevent you from doing injustice’. (Quran 4:3) Historically, the practice of polygamy existed before Islam without restrictions. Islam limited the number of wives to four and established clear rules and regulations for the practice to ensure fair treatment of each wife. Polygamy is an option and not a requirement in Islam. As was mentioned earlier, Muslims must follow the laws of the land that they live in as long as it does not contradict the requirements of the faith. Polyandry, or marrying more than one husband, is not permitted to maintain the children’s lineage for purposes of inheritance and protect children’s rights as heirs. Monogamy is the normal practice in the majority of Muslim communities due to the financial and emotional burden it carries. Divorce TALAQ is the word, used in Islamic law for divorce. It is an Arabic word and means â€Å"set free†. It is only in unavoidable circumstances that TALAQ is permitted as a lawful method to bring marriage contract to an end Requirements for divorce in Shariah Law 1. He or she must have reached puberty and be capable of making a decision 2. He or she must be sane, conscious, alert, and free from intoxication or anger 3. He or she must be free from external pressure 4. His or her intention must be clear Divorce must take place after the wife’s menstrual period and no sexual relations have occurred since her period ended. If all the above factors are present, either the husband or wife can pursue a divorce or they can pursue a divorce jointly and amicably. In SriLanka Muslim marriage and divorce act provides clear guide line for the marriage and divorce procedure for Muslims. Most of the provisions in this act accordance with shariah law. In case of consent of the bride did not taken in account for marriage, consent of the bride is deliberate through the WALI (guardian of bride). This provision seems to be a clear violation of women’s right however he movement for Muslim personal law reforms in Sri Lanka from a feminist perspective has been spearheaded by the Muslim Women’s Research and Action Forum (MWRAF), a small group of professional Muslim women continuously emphasis the legislation to bring changes to ensure that the consent of both parties are obtained as an essential condition of a Muslim marriage and to make provision for the bride’s signature, given the fact that there is no space for her signature in the Muslim Marriage and Divorce Registration Form and it is the wali or marriage guardian who conveys her consent on her behalf. However this recommendation has not been taken account by the legislation yet. In case of divorce, second schedule of Muslim marriage and divorce act defines the steps to get a divorce by women which obviously accordance with Muslim Shariah Law. Eventually the authority of implementing the divorce is vest ed with the Quazi. Conclusion Sharia has certain laws which are regarded as divinely ordained, concrete and timeless for all relevant situations. It also has certain laws which are extracted based on principles established by Islamic lawyers and judges. The sharia as interpreted by Islamic lawmakers is believed by Muslims to be merely a human approximation of the true Sharia, which is understood as the divine and eternal correct path. In deriving Sharia law, Islamic lawmakers are not, therefore, actually creating divinely correct or incorrect actions beyond question, but rather attempting to interpret divine principles. Hence Sharia in general is considered divine, but a lawyers or judges extraction or opinion on a given matter is not, though the process and intention to refer to Allahs law is divinely sanctioned Muslim laws developed from the shariah law are not merely reflecting shariah principles. It purely based on circumstances, traditions, communal influences and etc. as I stated earlier most of the critics from western society comments that shariah law lays some savage rules regarding women’s. But actually Islamic laws are the pioneer laws which grant wider rights to women’s. this article could only analyze the matrimonial rights grant to Muslim women’s by shariah law apart from this rights shariah laws has given adequate rights on each social activities for women’s. Islam provides rigid guide lines for pleasant domesticity. In Quran most of command orders the men to safeguard the women and to provide them all necessary rights and to treat hem equally. One of my favorite quotes in Quran is â€Å"The most honored of you [male] in the sight of Allah is he who is most righteous of you†: (49:13). Interpretation given by Islamic scholars for â€Å"righteous† is â€Å"maintaining the wife with equal rights† from this verse we could realize how far the Islamic shariah law ensures matrimonial rights of women. Srilankan Muslim law is Constructed from Muslim social and communal structure which consist Islamic shariah law as a core part of it. SriLanka Muslim law deals with almost all social conduct of Muslims. Most of the matrimonial disputes arises in Muslim families has been amicably solved by Quazi courts which operates under Muslim marriage and divorce act. As we have discussed earlier part of this article srilankan Muslim law tries to ensure the married women right and it bound to operate within the criteria of shariah law. However the core concept of shariah law is to prevent party (husband and wife) from exceeding their limits. I had an interview with a Quazi judge who had come across more than 3000 of matrimonial disputes he stated that â€Å"Muslim Marriage and divorce act bound by shariah law is primarily intended to bring a peaceful settlement regarding family issues. It provide safeguard to the married women for an extend, but we are required to act in moral manner which should give remedies for the weaker party (mostly women’s). Moreover most of the divorce application initiated by women’s and their husband are duty bound to provide adequate financial support to them even after dissolution of marriage this is a very essential safeguard for women’s. As per the Muslim law, matrimonial properties of women are entirely belonging to her. Even though I wish some changes should be brought in Muslim law regarding the consent of bride at the time of marriage and the duties of register when he registers a second marriage† -M.I. Abdul Qader Quazi Judge Akkaraipattu From the above statement we could understand Srilankan Muslim law has given matrimonial rights to a Muslim women for an extend. But it should be amended to meet the needs of modern era therefore government should take essential steps to find put the contemporary life style of Muslim people and Srilankan Muslim Law has Amend according to satisfy the modern need of the people. [ 1 ]. Ibn al Qayyim (One Islamic Scholar, d. 1347) [ 2 ]. Arab Human Development Report 2002, NY: UN, 2002. [ 3 ]. U.S. State Department, Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1999. [ 4 ]. Quran: Surah An?Nisa’:3 [ 5 ]. Riwayat Musli [ 6 ]. sec 34,35,36 and 38(2) of MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE (MUSLIM) act [Cap. 134 [ 7 ]. S. C. 565-Board of Kathis Appeal 488 [ 8 ]. 14 NLR 225 [ 9 ]. (Quran 4:11) [ 10 ]. sec 47 64 of Muslim marriage and divorce act. [ 11 ]. Sowdoona v. Muees 1[(1955) 57 N. L. R. 75; 53 C. L. W. 47.] [ 12 ]. Abu Dawoud, a companion of the Prophet, reported the following: Omair al-Asdee was reported as saying: ‘When I accepted Islam, I was married to eight wives. I discussed this with the Prophet Muhammad who said: â€Å"Keep four only, and divorce the other four.† [ 13 ]. See Hammudah Abd al Ati, Family Structure in Islam 54-56 (American Trust Publications 1977). [ 14 ]. sec29(4) of muslim marriage and divorce act.

The Many Faces Of A Criminal Essay -- essays research papers

A criminal is someone who violates law for the purpose of obtaining their desires, causing in the breakdown of society. This definition is both clear and complete. Criminals are known mainly for their craftiness and bent character. They use this quality to intrude on the privacy of others, thus resulting in the acts of violence or sinfulness. These unlawful individuals are what society deems as offenders, convicts, villains, thieves and much more. To study a criminal is to know that they are hot tempered, controlling and insecure. What makes a criminal unique is their inability to utilize such great potential and cleverness, quite like how man has not yet learned to harness the power of lighting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is safe to say that all criminals are disruptive by nature. With their sinister and devilish minds they are capable of shaking up even the most sound of individuals. Criminals possess dark, cold and shady personalities, which in fact, are adept to crippling even the healthiest of specimens. They make a habit of disguising their true identity through dishonesty and sneakiness. One cruel and fraudulent action follows another. This foolish and unwise trait is one of the things that distinguish law-abiding citizens from criminals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another definite indication of a criminal is that they perpetrate wrongdoings that negatively impact onto society. To put it into a clear and concise way, criminals are society's diseases. Thei... The Many Faces Of A Criminal Essay -- essays research papers A criminal is someone who violates law for the purpose of obtaining their desires, causing in the breakdown of society. This definition is both clear and complete. Criminals are known mainly for their craftiness and bent character. They use this quality to intrude on the privacy of others, thus resulting in the acts of violence or sinfulness. These unlawful individuals are what society deems as offenders, convicts, villains, thieves and much more. To study a criminal is to know that they are hot tempered, controlling and insecure. What makes a criminal unique is their inability to utilize such great potential and cleverness, quite like how man has not yet learned to harness the power of lighting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is safe to say that all criminals are disruptive by nature. With their sinister and devilish minds they are capable of shaking up even the most sound of individuals. Criminals possess dark, cold and shady personalities, which in fact, are adept to crippling even the healthiest of specimens. They make a habit of disguising their true identity through dishonesty and sneakiness. One cruel and fraudulent action follows another. This foolish and unwise trait is one of the things that distinguish law-abiding citizens from criminals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another definite indication of a criminal is that they perpetrate wrongdoings that negatively impact onto society. To put it into a clear and concise way, criminals are society's diseases. Thei...

Ocean Carrier’s Case Essay

1) Do you expect daily spot hire rates to increase or decrease next year? According to the Case description, Exhibit 3 showed order booking and delivery schedule for bulk capsizes for coming years from 2001 to 2004. It was larger than the number of current fleet size in Exhibit 2. Thus, the spot hire rates would likely to decrease since capsizes are available. 2) What factors drive average daily hire rates? Daily hire rate were determined by the supply and the demand. From Exhibit 2, the existing capsizes carriers in terms of the sum of the loading ability. Factors of supply such as age and size of vessel, cost of repair and maintenance as well as demand factor such as market condition would affect daily rates. 3) How would you characterize the long-term prospects of the capsize dry bulk industry? According to Case description, availability of fleet in the market and availability of transports good drives average daily hire rates. The daily hire rates would increase if ore exports from Australia and India starts in coming years. This would bring huge business trade. In absence of a new business, the average daily rates will decrease because of increasing number of fleet (demand is decreasing). There are about 2 million tons of capsize with age over 24 years. We will hope that these old vessels would be soon scrapped and this would reduce the supply of the capsize vessels. However, those old vessels were not a significant part of the total existing vessels. So we probably will not see a result that an obviously decreasing in supply because of the scraping of old vessels. In Exhibit3, the current order of new capsize vessels delivered in the coming 4 years. There will be a large supply of new capsize vessels from 2001 to 2003. This will increase the supply of capsize vessel in the future. 4) Evaluate the cost of the new capsize and forecast the expected cash flows. See OceanCariers4.xls 5) Should Ms Linn purchase the $39m capsize? Make 2 different assumptions. First, assume that Ocean Carriers is a US firm subject to 35% taxation. Second, assume that Ocean Carriers is located in Hong Kong, where owners of Hong Kong ships are notrequired to pay any tax on profits made overseas and are also exempted from paying any tax on profit made on cargo uplifted from Hong Kong. See OceanCarrier5.xls 6) What do you think of the company’s policy of not operating ships over 15 years old? This is a low-risk policy of company; this policy will save the company from uncertainty. At the same time, it will be not able to take advantage of returns on investment of vessels in the next years. This policy will not give a favorable outlook for investment.

Personal Hygiene And Beauty Products Essay

These products can be used at home or in a salon or spa. Personal Hygiene includes the following. Washing the body using bubble bath, shower gel etc Washing the hair using shampoo Cleaning of nails and hands with hand wash Washing the face using facial washes and scrubs Oral hygiene, taking care of the teeth and gums, and treating or preventing bad breath including daily brushing (with toothpaste) and flossing the teeth, to prevent tooth decay and gum disease. This also helps to treat and prevent bad breath cosmetic care of the body, such as shaving and other forms of depilation. Shampoo Shampoo is a common hair care product used for the removal of oils and sebum, dirt, skin particles, dandruff, environmental pollutants, build up of hair product and other contaminant particles that gradually build up in hair. The goal is to remove the unwanted build-up without stripping out so much as to make hair unmanageable. There are dozens of different brands to choose from when choosing a shampoo, and even more types within those brands. The same goes for conditioners. Conditioners are meant to add shine, protect hair from drying out and allow for easier combing. Popular Brands of Shampoo Pantene Pro-V Aussie Elvive Herbal Essences TRESemme Dove Head and Shoulders Garnier Fructis Types of Shampoo There are many shampoo types when considering specific hair types, these each have different active ingredients. Curly/wavy – Example – Curly Treatment shampoo by curly hair solutions This shampoo is a concentrate of panthenol and magnesium that strengthens the hair’s elasticity (the ability for the hair to stretch without breaking). Silk amino acids were added to soften and repair even the roughest hair cuticle. Treatment Shampoo will deposit generous amounts of ingredients that are essential in rebuilding chemically damaged hair. Its effects are lasting and with continuous use will ensure healthy strong and fuller hair. Treatment Shampoo will dramatically prolong the results of colouring, perming and relaxing hair. Coloured – Example – Davines Alchemic Shampoo for Coloured hair Main Active Ingredients: Mild surfactants: Gently and carefully cleanse both hair and hair colour. Hydrolyzed milk protein: For an intense conditioning and protective action. Provitamin B5: For a deep moisturising effect Olive oil peg-7 esters: Derived from olive oil, restores the natural hydro-lipid balance, leaving hair that is healthy and protected. pH 5. 3 Frizz prone/ rebellious – Example – Davines Love Smoothing Shampoo This shampoo is specially formulated to nourish, smooth and soften harsh, frizzy hair. It delicately cleanses hair with a special blend of natural active ingredients containing intensive moisturizing and smoothing properties that respect the hair’s internal structure making it more manageable and easier to comb. It is infused with Indian Fig Extract to soften and smooth, and Olive Oil Peg 7 Ester to recover the moisture-lipid level which is essential for dry, frizzy strands. This essential moisture is vital for reducing the hair’s aging process that results from dehydration. Added Rice Proteins keep hair protected from environmental elements while eliminating static. Fine/flat – Example – PhytoVolume Shampoo Phytovolume is a volumizer shampoo for fine, limp, lifeless hair. Crustacean shell extract increase the moisture level in the hair shaft to make it swell for a fuller appearance. So tetrasodium EDTA is used to sequester the calcium and magnesium from the detergent, while keeping them soluble, so they rinse away without scum. Cocamide DEA (or MEA or TEA) is used as a foaming agent, to make the lather. The other surfactants will generate a certain amount of suds, but this foaming agent is added to get the amount just right. Besides its foam stabilizing effects, it is also a viscosity booster (it’s thick). Another foam stabilizing detergent is PEG-5 cocamide, which is a foam stabilizer, surfactant, and emulsifier. The detergent cocamidopropyl betaine is added for several of its special properties. It is milder on the skin than the benzine sulfonates, so adding it to the mix reduces the amount of the harsher detergents needed. It is thicker than the other ingredients, so it can be added to make the mix have the right viscosity. It has anti-static properties, so the hair doesn’t generate an electric charge and jump to the plastic combs and brushes used when drying the hair. It is a humectant, attracting moisture from the air, thus keeping hair from drying out. Lastly, it has antibiotic properties that can prevent spoiling of the shampoo. The surfactant ammonium xylenesulfonate is a hydrotrope, a compound that makes it easier for water to dissolve other molecules. It is added as a thickener, and to help keep some of the odd ingredients added for marketing effect in solution, including perfumes. Glycerol stearate is another emulsifier used for this purpose. Special effects The wax glycol distearate is added to make shampoos opaque and pearlescent. It has tiny flakes that mix well with surfactants, and stay in solution. They also add shear-thinning qualities, making liquid hand soaps pump out of the bottle easier. Sodium chloride (table salt) is used to thicken the mixture if the main surfactants are sodium lauryl sulfates. If the surfactants are ammonium based, then ammonium chloride is used. Salt can make the shampoo harsh and sting the eyes, so more expensive thickeners are used to keep the salt levels low. Modified cellulose based thickeners are ften used, along with the surfactant based thickeners already mentioned. Glycerine is added as a humectant (draws moisture from the air), as is propylene glycol, which is also a preservative. There are many additives put in shampoos and conditioners that appear to be there mainly for marketing purposes. Honey, various herb extracts, and similar items might add to the fragrance, but are unlikely to have any effect in the concentrations used. Amino acids can act as conditioners, but the source of the amino acid is not important. Silk amino acids are no different from soy amino acids, except in the proportions of which particular amino acids are contained. Preservatives Two widely used preservatives, DMDM hydantoin and imidazolidinyl urea are found in many shampoos, to prevent fungal and bacterial spoilage. They release formaldehyde to kill germs. Another broad-spectrum biocide is isothiazolinone and the related methylisothiazolinone and methylchloroisothiazolinone. Sodium benzoate is another preservative used in shampoos. It kills bacteria, fungi, and yeasts, and works well in acidic mixtures. Another bactericide used is 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol. Body Washes and bath Products Body washes also have different types but they are categorised according to skin type or condition. As well as normal skin types which can usually use any products and combination skin types that should shop around for different products. There are anti-aging products, products for acne, dry skin, oily skin and sensitive skin such as a child‘s skin. Skin types and conditions Anti-Aging – Example – Dove Pro-age Beauty Bath Pro Age Beauty Body Wash is for dull tired skin with 1/4 moisturizing cream for vital luminous skin. It is made to give aging skin what it needs; including faster cell turnover and plenty of rich nourishment and protection. It combines functional ingredients like glycerin, emollients, natural soy oil and olive oil to optimize cell turnover while gently cleaning your skin. Other active ingredients of anti-aging products Vitamins and antioxidants are found in almost every antiaging formulation. The best around is tretinoin, a vitamin A derivative that regenerates collagen lost over time and also stops further damage. US-based Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical’s RENOVA, which contains tretinoin, is available by prescription only. However, studies published in 2007 reported that over-the-counter retinol-based lotions and moisturizers, if properly formulated and applied, can result in the reduction of fine lines and wrinkles. Antioxidants scavenge free radicals before they can damage the skin. The leading ingredients are vitamins C and E. â€Å"Each of these ingredients works to protect the skin from sun damage, but they are even more effective when used in combination,† notes Burke. Other antioxidants that have shown potential in laboratory studies include alpha-lipoic acid, the soy isoflavone genistein, selenium, the milk-thistle-derived flavonoid mixture known as silymarin and ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10). None of these has yet undergone rigorous studies to confirm effectiveness in products for human use. Examples of vitamin ingredients include Stay-C 50 (vitamin C sodium ascorbyl phosphate) and ALL-Q plus (vitamin E in combination with Coenzyme Q10) from DSM Nutritional Products. Acne – Example – Acne Skin Nourishing Milk Bath This product is a unique formula It has a milk protein base which is rich in nourishing vitamins, amino acids and minerals. This product contains natural plant collagen from Oat Extract and Japanese Camellia Oil to feed the skin whilst keeping it soft and supple. It is also excellent for irritated, sensitive and excessively dry skin conditions. It has Benzoyl Peroxide as its active ingredient which has anti bacterial properties. Other active ingredients of acne products The ingredient of an acne product depends on its use. Some acne products have herbal ingredients known for curing acne and removing acne scasr. One of the active ingredients of an acne product in the market is the anti-bacterial agent known as Benzoyl Peroxide (which is the active ingredient of my acne bath product). It destroys the acne causing bacteria that causes drying and peeling effect thus preventing skin breakouts. Another one was a beta hydroxy acid from the bark of a willow tree called Salicylic Acid. This agent has a bigger molecule size that helps the beta hydroxy acid stay on the surface of the skin, allowing it to penetrate effectively as it exfoliates inside the pore and prevents the pores from clogging. The ingredient sulfur and resorcinol are often found together as they are rarely used alone in acne products in the market. Removing dead skin cells that clogs pores and removes excess oil from skin is the primary use of this ingredient. The use of products with these may cause redness and peeling but can actually help break down whiteheads and blackheads. Products with alcohol and acetone found generally in astringents can be a primary solution in removing dirt and oils from skin that causes acne build up if ignored.