Colonialism and Imperialism - A Post-colonial Study of...

A Post-colonial Study of Heart of Darkness In this paper, Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness will be examined by using a recent movement, Post-colonial Study that mainly focuses on the relationship between the Self and the Other, always intertwined together in considering one’ identity. The Other is commonly identified with the margin, which has been oppressed or ignored by Eurocentric, male-dominated history. Conrad is also conscious of the Others interrelated status with the Self, but his main concern is the Self, not the Other, even though he deals with the natives. As Edward W. Said indicates in his Orientalism, the Orient (or the Other) has helped to define Europe (or the West) as its contrasting image, idea,†¦show more content†¦Namely, Marlow focuses on an idea--an ideal slogan--which is employed to impose higher civilization on uncivilized world: What redeems it is the idea only . . . not a sentimental pretense but an idea; and an unselfish belief in the idea--something you can set up, and bow down before, and offer a sacrifice (7). Seeing the idea as a false concept fabricated by ideological colonialism, Said notes: the idea is only a mans desire for protection from the impinging confusions of the world. Immediately after the intellectual organization of the world, according to the idea, there comes the expedient of devotion to the idea,which in turn breeds conquest according to the idea.2 Consequently, the idea reflects Eurocentric self-image. As soon as this Eurocenric image is constructed, Westerners begin to think that the world should be reorganized according to the image. From the beginning of the novel, imperialism is thus justified even as a sacred mission to deliver light to the darkness of uncivilized society by Marlow’s colonial discourse, which does not consider the marginal, silenced voices of the natives, or the Other in the text. Marlow attempts to compare his journey into the Congo to one that penetrates a primitive world. Since Europeans like Conrad possess a progressive, Eurocentric vision of world history, the Congo is described as theShow MoreRelatedEssay about Heart of Darkness1745 Words   |  7 PagesPost-colonial studies have often created this myth about the European intent for Africa, a tale that has led many westerners to believe in the noble role of European policy of civilizing Africa. However, literal materials have said little about the evils that surrounded the well sometimes ill-disguised motives of explorers, colonial administrators and their adventures. This essay provides an in depth review of Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, a classical novella that illustrates without bias theRead More The Lie of Imperialism Exposed in Literature Essay3048 Words   |  13 Pagesconcerning colonialism, then a comparative study of colonial and postcolonial works is essential for attain ing a full understanding of the far-reaching effects of European imperialism (Groden and Kreiswirth 582). Reading colonial literature in dialogue with postcolonial literature engenders a more complete interpretation of the effects of imperialism by creating a point of reference from which to begin the revelation and the healing of cultural wounds resultant from European colonialism. PostcolonialRead MoreDr Conrad s Heart Of Darkness And Salih s Season Of Migration Essay2064 Words   |  9 PagesThe unpleasant and painful experience of colonialism in Africa has great effects on almost all faces of life such as language, education, religion, popular culture and the like. Colonial and post-colonial novels in Africa have therefore become unusual weapons used to change the European idea about the third world peoples and to illustrate how the European colonizer could create unequal relations of power, based on binary oppositions such as â€Å"First–world† and â€Å"thir d–world†; â€Å"white† and â€Å"black†, â€Å"colonizer†Read MoreThe Distorted Images in Heart of Darkness4513 Words   |  19 PagesThe distorted images in Heart of Darkness Abstract In Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad exposes the evil of the imperialism and pays sympathy to the oppressed Africans. But affected by imperialist ideology, he serves as a racist and a defender of the imperialism when he attempts to condemn the colonizers. This paper will be analyzing the distorted images in Heart of darkness from the perspective of post-colonialism and Orientalism theory. The present paper is divided into five parts: Part 1 isRead MoreThe Devastating Power of Western Colonialism Essay1762 Words   |  8 PagesThe colonial efforts of an imperialist power leave a wake of suffering and death, usually for the mere purpose of propagating political, economic or military advantages. The culture and status of the colonized is forever altered by the often cruel and violent actions taken by the colonizers during their initial struggle for influence, along with the long-term impacts that slavery, subjugation, cultural appropriation and linguistic imperialism have over a colonized region. Hegemonic rule and full-scaleRead MoreAnalysis Of S Americanah Through A Post Colonial Prism4297 Words   |  18 PagesCHIMAMANDA NGOZI ADICHIE’S AMERICANAH THROUGH A POST-COLONIAL PRISM 1. Introduction Respected Marxist critic Frederic Jameson once described every instance of â€Å"third world literature† as necessarily nationally allegorical (69), an assertion spectacularly assailed by Aijaz Ahmad (77-82). But it is possible to close our eyes to Ahmad’s very valid misgivings and take a bird’s eye view of Jameson’s assertion: read in reaction to the phenomenon of imperialism, perhaps the literature of dominated peoplesRead MoreHeart of Darkness and Wide Sargasso Sea: Depiction and Effect Due to Colonization2003 Words   |  9 PagesHeart of Darkness and Wide Sargasso Sea: Depiction and Effect Due to Colonization Both Heart of Darkness and Wide Sargasso Sea deal with Englishmen, Charles Marlow and Mr. Rochester, who are placed in unfamiliar and different environments than accustomed to. These two characters not only deal with their own personal struggles, but are connected to the struggles of people close to them (namely Kurtz and Antoinette).Joseph Conrad and Jean Rhys attribute these hardships to the effects of colonialismRead More The Power of Heart of Darkness and A Passage to India Essay2845 Words   |  12 PagesThe Power of Heart of Darkness and A Passage to India      Ã‚  Ã‚   John A. McClure writes in Kipling and Conrad that as the twentieth century opened, the artists and intellectuals of the age increasingly came to believe that imperial rule, if inevitable in the short run, was an inglorious enterprise that deformed both those who ruled and those who submitted (153). Joseph Conrad and E. M. Forster were among these artists and each expressed their misgivings about the inglorious enterpriseRead MoreAnalysis Of Marlow s Heart Of Darkness Essay2381 Words   |  10 Pagesthe Earth. (Conrad) Are the first words spoken aloud by Marlow in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. Marlow goes on the say that he was thinking about the Roman conquerors who came to England 1900 years ago. This comparison that Marlow divulges into in the beginnings of his story frames this story and what it intends to cover in its subject matter. Marlow begins here his only overt characterization of imperialism. He puts Rome in the position of the civilized and the native islanders in the positionRead More The Meaning of Heart of Darkness in the Post-Colonial Climate3726 Words   |  15 PagesThe Meaning of Heart of Darkness in the Post-Colonial Climate Since its publication in 1899, Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness has rarely been disputed on the basis of its literary merits; in fact, it was long seen as one of the great novels of the burgeoning modern era, a sort of bridge between the values and storytelling styles of the waning Victorian period and those of the modern era (Gatten), and regarded a high-ranking space amidst the great literature of the century, if not the

Elements of Short Story - 1482 Words

Elements of Short Stories Plot (what happens) conflict (the basic opposition or tension that sets the plot of a short story in motion; it engages the reader, builds suspense or mystery, and arouses expectation for events to follow.) open-ended at both ends exposition (background information, setting the scene, establishes situation, dates the action) rising action (complication) (develops and intensifies the conflict) climax (crisis) (the moment at which the plot reaches its point of greatest emotional intensity; it is also the turning point, directly precipitating the story s resolution.) falling action (the tension subsides and the plot moves toward its conclusion)†¦show more content†¦5. Are the actions of the characters properly motivated and consistent? 6. Are the characters of the work credible and interesting? _____________________________________________________________ Point of View (how we know about what happens/how the story is told) first person (The narrative technique is limited by what is known and seen by a single character, and, furthermore, that focal character addresses the reader directly, without an intermediary. The character refers to himself or herself as I in the story and addresses the reader as you, either explicitly or by implication.) third person *omniscient (means all-knowing, and the narrator in such a circumstance can direct the reader s attention to the inner thoughts of any of the characters and controls the sources of information.) *limited omniscient (what the narrator knows and sees is restricted to what one central character can know and see. This presents some slight but important differences when compared with a first person p. of v.) *objective (This is the most drastic third person point of view, for the story is told ostensibly by no one. The narrator disappears, and there is no way of entering the minds of t he characters. The readerShow MoreRelatedElements Of A Short Story1892 Words   |  8 Pages2. Identify and plot on a graph the following elements of the short story’s plot: introduction or exposition, causative or inciting force, rising action, crisis, climax, falling action or denouement. Introduction/Exposition: 3. Describe the setting of the story. The setting of the story appears to be in a place that has an insufficient amount of technology and are very poor compared to many people in today’s world. When I put these two things together, I think of the setting being either aRead MoreLiterary Elements Of A Short Story1513 Words   |  7 Pagesliterary elements in a short story is the narrator or the point of view of the story. The narrator in a story is the person who is telling the story and his point of view in it, there are many types of narrators such as participant, nonparticipant, all-knowing or omniscient, limited omniscience or selective omniscience and objective. A short story is a small prose narrative that has a fully develop a theme but is shorter than a novel. There are many different literary elements that compose a short storyRead MoreLiterary Elements Of A Short Story923 Words   |  4 PagesShort stories have many different literary elements and, you can compare all of them. All stories have someth ing in common and something different about them, that make them unique. The short stories, Contents of a Deadman’s Pocket, The Leap, and The Trip all have elements of literature in them. The elements that are the most important are theme, characters, setting and conflict. One of the similarities between The Leap and The Trip is theme. Both stories have a theme of, sometimes taking risksRead MoreElements of a Short Story Expressed the Protagonist Gabriel in the Short Story the Dead1009 Words   |  5 PagesThe elements of a short stories are expressed the Gabriel, the protagonist, in the short story The Dead. I had my own opinions of Gabriel’s character. However, my group members provide me with their insight that exposed what I overlooked. I was also unaware of how the settings depicted Gabriel’s emotions. Now I also see the presence of conflict in the story. The group members have enriched my understanding of several elements of a short story, including characterization, setting, and conflict. IRead MoreThe Importance of Elements of Fiction in Writing Short Stories1076 Words   |  5 Pages Elements of fiction are the most important things in writing short story. Every element represents difference explanation and interpretation of w hat is the meanings that author want to deliver to the reader. Meaning also was trying to deliver to the reader by Dorothy Parker through Elements of fiction of short story called â€Å"A Telephone Call†. Elements of fiction itself have several major parts, there are plot, character, setting, point of view, language, tone, and style, theme, and also symbolRead MoreCommon Elements in all of Edgar Allan Poes Short Stories1157 Words   |  5 Pageswriter. His short stories and poems are sure to send a shiver down any reader’s spine with his vivid imagery. But if one takes the time to read all sixty-nine of his short stories, he or she would find many common elements that become slightly monotonous. Even though he uses some similar ideas, it is what separates his work as distinctly â€Å"Poe†. After dissecting each of his stories, it is intriguing to find what components he tends to repeat. The most prominent likeness of Poe’s stories is the unnamedRead MoreA Study of the Modernism Elements in William Faulkners Short Story, A Rose for Emily914 Words   |  4 Pagesimplications in the history. It - â€Å"A ROSE for Emily†- was first published on April 30, 1930. This is the time of the high modernism with the rise of its elements. Faulkner once called it a â€Å"ghost story†. The story includes the tension between the US North and South, changing world order complexities, harsh social constraints for women. Shortly, this is a story of an unchangeable modern-time woman who draws the readers` attention into the portrait of aberrant psychology and necrophilia in the dank and dustyRead MoreLiterary Elements found in Flannery O ´Connor ´s Story: A Good Man Is Hard to Find810 Words   |  3 Pagesthe skills of literary elements to express and discuss an event that has happened to them or what has happened to others. This helps others to comprehend th e perspectives of the author’s understanding toward an incident that one might experience. For instance in Flannery O’Connor’s short story, she uses many literary elements to express her views over most of her stories. O’Connor expresses her views in her short story, â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find† by using the literary elements of point of view, ironyRead MoreThe Exposition Of Jacob And Wilhelm Grimms The Shroud939 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Shroud† is a very short story, only taking up one page. This short paragraph of a story still conveys all the necessary elements of plot. Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm’s short story â€Å"The Shroud† contains all elements of plot; these elements all add up to create an artistic story that entertains the reader. The exposition of â€Å"The Shroud† is short, only one long sentence. This exposition is â€Å"There was once a mother who had a little boy of seven years old, who was so handsome and lovable that no oneRead MoreStructural and Textural Irony Essay999 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary elements such as metaphors, similes, alliteration, the use of personification, and the use of irony are primary tools and building blocks for great literature. With the incorporation of literary elements, an insignificant story of occurrences can be transformed into a literary work of art presenting depth and purpose to its audience. While many short stories are flooded with a number of various literary elements, Zora Neale Hurstons Sweat, William Sydney Porters The Last Leaf, Guy

The Impact Of Geography On Mental Health Service Use And Care

The study by Kim et al., (2013), examined racial and ethnic disparities in older black and white adults and the role of geography in mental health service use and care. The critique of this article examined disparities addressed but also the lack of other minorities suffering lack of mental health service use. Reducing racial disparities across the four regions in the South, Northeast, Midwest and West would support improving mental health access at the national level. The older blacks in the South had a much higher rate of non-use of mental health services when compared to whites. The disparity was affected by age, income, educational level, gender and marital status. The sample size was over 2800 individuals covering 252†¦show more content†¦Disparities also affect Blacks, Latinos, and lower educated and low socio economic individuals more than whites. Not only individual population groups are affected but regional disparities have been identified causing alarm in me ntal health communities (Kim et al., 2013). The article examines multiply mental health service use disparities in the United States, yet specifically looked at regions in the South, Northeast, Midwest and West. Service use of mental health varied significantly by region. Over 250 different geographic areas were sampled for the research. The national priority for eliminating these disparities needs to be addressed to reduce this imbalance. How does the mental health community open up access across geographical areas of the country to services for the older racially and ethnically diverse clientele? CRITIQUE Utilizing over 2800 study subjects in four different regions throughout the country the sample showed significant racial disparities (Kim et al., 2013). This research article supported an adequate sample size. Logistic regression analyses drawn from â€Å"Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys (CPES)† were analyzed to support the data. The research was conducted by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Andersen’s behavioral model of health service utilization was employed in the present study as the theoretical framework. Many

Essay Drug Use in Sports - 2301 Words

Drugs in sports can cost a player his or her scholarship(s) and more seriously, their lives. Everyday athletes that you may not think are doing anabolic steroids or the human growth hormone are the athletes who are the big users. 1. There are three major performance enhancing drugs that are used by the super star athletes: anabolic steroids, amphetamine, and the human growth hormone pills. 2. These performance enhancing are found in just about all fifty states and the problem is rapidly growing. 3. In almost every type of sport there is one form or another of performance enhancing drugs. Some of the most common sports you will find them in are the power/strength sports and the endurance sports. 4. Athletes may come up with the strangest†¦show more content†¦The last of the three most popular enhancement drugs is the human growth hormone (HGH). Like the previous two drugs, HGH also has major side effects that can permanently damage an athlete. HGH in men and women can cause t he thickness of skin, can damage the internal organs, and the bones and facial features. More seriously use of HGH can lead to diabetes, heart disease and possibly a shortened life span. The human growth hormone is known as a steroid substitute and is used primarily in the sports where steroids are used. HGH is a popular drug because it is undetectable in urine, therefore athletes tend to use this drug because there will be no trace of the drug after a game or race. Performance enhancing drugs can have a very serious impact on the public. If the public reaches the point where they find that sports revolve around just drugs and less athleticism, the television viewers and attendance at sports contests will fall very quickly. If this does happen it may lead to financial problems for the athletes. Drug scandals may cause the media and athletic sponsors to re-think their commitment to that specific sport. Performance enhancing drugs are found in almost every type of athletic organization: pro sports, college sports, high schools (where it is very popular), through coaches, other athletes and the black market. In professional sports it is very likely to see them while athletes are in theShow MoreRelatedThe Use Of Drugs In Sports829 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen aware of the presence of performance enhancing drugs and the consequences of such in sport and other physical areas of competition, I have never taken the time to expand on such thought in any way that might suggest that similar enhancements through the use of drugs or other means may take place in an academic or intellectual realm. As presented in all four provided articles, ‘chemical mental enhancement’ through current prescription drugs and developing pharmaceuticals is on the rise and aRead MoreDrug Use in Sport592 Words   |  2 PagesDrug use in sport should not be allowed by any athletes for many reasons such a s we don’t know all the side effects of the drugs which can cause major complications for the athlete even after their career, parents will pull kids out of sport and eventually sport will become fake and an un-even playing field. If athletes take performance enhancing drugs it damages the future of sport. Children will begin to believe that this is risk free since their heroes are doing it. If we legalise the practiceRead MoreDrug Use in Sports Essay1472 Words   |  6 Pages Drugs should be banned in all sports. They have been a problem for a long time. Athletes use them to enhance their body and for simply just the edge. There is nothing wrong with using some drugs to enhance your body as long as they are legal. The problems that come with drugs in sports are how to detect them. Some professional sports, such as the NHL, do not even use drug tests. The only sports that test for everything are the NBA and NFL. The Major League Baseball only tests for illegal drugs suchRead MoreThe Use of Performance Drugs in Sports Essay1024 Words   |  5 PagesUnfortunately, the drugs of today are caught up in the high stakes competition frenzy. Of this reality, teenage use of performance improved drugs is growing ever m ore popular. In colleges and in the professional league a lot of people are doing drugs and its ruining their health and life. Also, if some teenagers take performance drugs they are making them better than everyone else giving themselves an advantage over everyone else which is cheating, so why should they get money for using drugs to win, howRead More The Use of Steroids and Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports1507 Words   |  7 Pagestopic of steroids and performance enhancing substances that are used today in sports. In this paper I hope to focus on the steroids and performance enhancing drugs and how they have become a problem in sports.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An anabolic steroid is a substance that is related to male sex hormones, known as testosterone. The word â€Å"Anabolic† means muscle building. The word â€Å"steroids† is just referred to as a drug name or a class of drug. Some athletes have made the decision that they would like to jump higherRead MoreThe Use of Illegal Drugs in Sports Essay examples1565 Words   |  7 PagesThe Use of Illegal Drugs in Sports â€Å"He’s at the 40, the 30, the 20, the 10, the 5, TOUCHDOWN!!† Can you imagine the joy of having 100,000 people chanting your name and cheering as loud as they could just for you? Now try imagine having all of that, then having it taken away because you tested positive for illegal drugs. This is the harsh reality for several professional athletes. They get a small taste of greatness but instead of working harder they take a drug and immediately notice improvementRead More The Use of Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports Essay1148 Words   |  5 PagesThe Use of Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports Is the use of performance-enhancing drugs in sports dangerous? To what degree do these drugs really enhance strength, size, training ability, and muscular performance? Not only are the answers to these questions still unclear, they are the subjects of deep controversy. In order to understand why we are confronted with the problem of performance-enhancing drug use in athletics today, we must look at the history of the development of anabolicRead MoreThe Use of Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports Today1583 Words   |  6 Pages Performance enhancers are very prominent in professional sports today. A lot of players are facing suspensions and other penalties for using them. The sport that gets scrutinized the most for this is Baseball. Many former users in the MLB (or formally the NABBP) have come out saying that they were using these drugs while playing. Some of these players are Jorge Sosa, Antonio Bastardo, and the famous Alex Rodriguez. Although these drugs have been prohibited, players are still finding ways aroundRead MoreThe Use Of Performance Enhancing Drugs Within Sports1966 Words   |  8 PagesPerformance Enhancing Drugs within Sports Do you want to want to become the peak athlete that you know your body is capable of? Well, this paper will not do that for you, but it will tell you how, and it will tell you why it should be legal to do so. Doping in sports is one of the most extensive debates within the realm of athletics. Whether it be injecting anabolic steroids, consuming them, or blood doping, athletes will do drugs. Doping has no effect on the viewership of the sport. Athletes canRead More Use of Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports Essay2025 Words   |  9 PagesThe use of performance enhancing drugs in sports (doping) is done to improve athletic performance. Doping in sports has become a highly controversial topic among professional sporting venues and in the media. With the increased pressure to perform, high priced contracts, increased competition, and advanced training methods today’s athletes will try to gain an edge by any means necessary. Performance enhancing drugs used by athlete s today include Human Growth Hormone (HGH), anabolic steroids, peptide

Large Format Printing Free Essays

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Our business cards, post cards, brochures, booklets, and posters provide a high photo-quality finish that accords an added level of excellence and professionalism to your business. Service Types We print in wide format and offer full color service with digital-quality results. Our professionals can design and custom-create logos for your business. We also produce graphical artistry and digital imaging that demonstrate our mastery of the state-of-the-art technology we use for your products. About Us Our company employs the latest in technology along with the most highly trained professionals to provide you with creative and incisive signs that bring the customers to you. Our wide format printers provide you with the breadth of space you need to convey all the details regarding your company or event. Our digital solutions offer you the flexibility of print-on-demand service, so that you never have to waste time, money, or resources. Our range of services include vehicle signage, outdoor and indoor banners, paper and billboard printing plus other formats that plaster your company’s image all over town and place it indelibly in the minds of your customers. The work we provide gives you a competitive edge in a cut-throat market, where advertising can make the difference between success and failure. Our small and large format signs and banners have the power to distinguish your company or event as one dedicated to excellence. First impressions are lasting, and our company is dedicated to helping your business make the best impression. With our sharp digital imaging, custom fit magnetic signs, and fleet graphics, we feature the strengths of your company in the most distinct detail. Plus we provide the best value for money in the industry, as our skilful designs are custom fitted to your needs through patient and efficient customer service designed around you. At [Name of Company] we are committed to serving you, and will always be the best choice for all your print and display advertising needs. How We Work This company is built around customer satisfaction, and in everything we strive to put you, the customer, first. That is why we focus all our efforts into providing reliable, knowledgeable, creative and friendly service to all we come in contact with. We begin offering you assistance even before you commit to being a customer, as we are interested in facilitating your success in every way we can. We care about the way you present yourself to the world—that is why we offer not only the best customer service, but also the highest quality workmanship with the most committed and qualified staff. Our staff is highly trained to manage the needs of the customer, by first exhibiting excellent communication skills in order that the customers’ needs be properly probed, understood, and satisfied. The knowledge and skill of our staff also manifests itself in the countless creative solutions we are able to provide for your specific business. We are willing and able to combine any and all the forms of our products in order to design the best advertising method for your company, or for any event you wish to promote. Our reputation is fast growing as an efficient, creative, and capable firm that offers friendly and all-inclusive service. Plus we place you in one-on-one consultation with our experts to make sure that you have the chance to fully explain your needs. Your needs are a priority, and we place them first. We make ourselves available throughout the day to serve you, and return your projects to you with time to spare. Your complete satisfaction is guaranteed, so we work hard and remain available until you are completely satisfied. Come and visit us, or continue browsing our site for more information. How to cite Large Format Printing, Essay examples

Effective Infection Control Policy of Toenails

Question: Explain the reasons for an effective infection control policy and discuss whether the current method of cleansing and sterilization should be favoured over the use of disposable instruments. Answer: The infection control policy for providing foot care advocates the utilization of disposable pads, soap, washcloth, toenail trimming equipment and antiseptic lotion (Audrey, 2008, p. 761). Indeed, the infection control measures warranted for treating the infected toenails configured after performing skin assessment in terms of evaluating its cleanliness and order, and the infected lesions requiring sterilization intervention. The evidence based clinical literature emphasizes the significance of effective control measures for patients affected with poor healing mechanism and susceptible to developing bacterial or fungal infestations (Milady, 2015, p. 267). V.T (2014, p. 19) explains the sustainability of toenail infection in the absence of antiseptic management. Shaw and Cummings (2012, p. 276) explain the prevalence of candida infections among diabetic population requiring treatment and prophylactic interventions for reducing the toenail manifestations. The infections including onychomycosis and intertrigo increase the risk of developing abscess among diabetic population and therefore, require topical antiseptic treatment for tenure of three months to facilitate adequate healing. The evidence based clinical literature reveals the prevalence of tinea pedis infection concomitantly with the occurrence of toenail infection requiring antimycotic therapy in the clinical setting (Parish et al., 2011, p. 250). The research findings indicate the sustainability of toenail fungal infection among elderly individuals warranting the acquisition of infection control measures including hand hygiene and antiseptic treatment for challenging the progres sion of mycotic infestation (Berman et al., 2015, p. 653). The sanitization techniques for preventing toenail infection include the utilization of rubbing alcohol, barbicide, bleach, ultraviolet light and other hospital disinfectants. Vonhof (2011, p. 312) reveals the effectiveness of rubbing alcohol in inducing the normal growth of the infected toenail. V.T. (p. 19) further explains the effectiveness of vinegar, tea tree oil solution and bleach water in terms of their antimycotic properties; however, these topical solutions require more than 6 months duration for removing the toenail fungus as evidenced by the academic literature. Baran and Rigopoulos (2012, p. 113) explains the treatment of foot and infected/ingrown toenail with the application of povidone iodine and potassium permanganate prior to the gutter-splint intervention. Indeed, the disposable instruments required in sterilizing the infected toenails include paper towel, emery boards, rotary tool disks and orange sticks. These instruments utilized for one-time use add to the convenience of caregivers while treating the toenail infections; however, they do not prove to be cost effective solutions while providing daily care to the infected toenail (Vidimos, Ammirati and Poblete-Lopez, 2009, p. 59). Contrarily, the non-disposable instruments extend their capacity in terms of reusability following their effective sterilization. For example, the utilization of disposable curettes, scalpels, gradle scissors and forceps offer benefits in terms of cost reduction and ease in handling as compared to the disposable instruments. The physicians get a better feel while handling these reusable instruments in terms of their dullness and physical weight that proportionately assists them in disinfecting and cleansing different tissue types pertaining to variable consi stencies. Therefore, the methods employing conventional techniques including autoclave and antiseptics with the effective utilization of reusable instruments prove to be the more efficient interventions in terms of their execution, better treatment outcomes and cost-effectiveness for accomplishing the clinical goal of controlling and preventing toenail infections. References Audrey, B., 2008. Kozier and Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process, and Practice (8th ed). Delhi: Dorling Kindersley. Baran, R. and Rigopoulos, D., 2012. Nail Therapies. USA: CRC Berman, A., Snyder, S.J., Kozier, B., Erb, G.L., Levett-Jones, T., Dwyer, T., Hales, M., Harvey, N., Moxham, L., Park, TC., Parker, B., Reid-Searl, K. and Stanley, D., 2015. Kozier Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing Australian Edition. Australia: Pearson. Milady., 2015. Milady Standard Nail Technology. New York: Cengage. Parish, L.C., Brenner, S., Ramos-e-Silva, M. and Parish, J.L., 2011. Manual of Gender Dermatology. USA: Jones Bartlett. Shaw, K.M. and Cummings, M.H., 2012. Diabetes Chronic Complications. UK: Wiley Blackwell. Vidimos, A.T., Ammirati,C.T. and Poblete-Lopez, C., 2009. Dermatologic Surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier. Vonhof, J., 2011. Fixing Your Feet: Prevention and Treatments for Athletes. USA: Wilderness. V.T., 2014. Nail Fungus Immediate Cure. USA: VT. V.T., 2014a. Nail Fungus Immediate Cure. USA: VT.